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Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

January 21, 2021

59:14

Meet heroines and heroes of faith who helped to spread the message of Jesus throughout Europe in Part 2 of the six-part documentary series Inexplicable: How Christianity Spread to the Ends of the Earth, hosted by Golden Globe® nominee Dennis Haysbert.

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Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

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[THUNDER CRASHES]
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[MUSIC]
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- ROME.
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A CITY OFINCOMPARABLE BEAUTY.
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THOUSANDS OF YEARS OFHISTORY HAVE UNFOLDED
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HERE WITH ONLY THEREMAINS OF BYGONE ERAS
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LEFT TO TELL ITS STORY.
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BUT WHAT A STORYIT HAS TO TELL.
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WE BEGIN OURSTORY IN A.D. 41O.
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ROME HAS FALLENTO THE VISIGOTHS.
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MANY OF THE ROMANSBELIEVE THEY WERE BEING
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PUNISHED FOR TURNING AWAYFROM THE PAGAN GODS.
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SAINT JEROME LAMENTSTHE EMPIRE STATE.
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- FROM THE WEST, ATERRIBLE RUMOR CAME TO US
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THAT ROME IS BESIEGED,THAT THE SAFETY OF THE
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CITIZENS ISREDEEMED BY GOLD.
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DESPOILED AND AGAINSURROUNDED, THEY LOST
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THEIR WEALTH AND NOWARE LOSING THEIR LIVES.
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THE VOICE CANNOTCONTINUE.
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SOBS INTERRUPT ITS WORDS.
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CAPTURED IS THE CITYTHAT CAPTURED THE WORLD.
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- SUDDENLY IT SEEMEDAS IF THE EMPIRE
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WAS COLLAPSING.
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IT WAS A VERY BAD MOMENTFOR CHRISTIANS AND IT
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FORCED AUGUSTINE INPARTICULAR TO HAVE TO
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THINK WHAT IT MEANTBECAUSE THERE WERE
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NON-CHRISTIANS AROUND HIMSAYING LOOK, THIS IS
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WHAT HAPPENS
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IF YOU ALIGN THE EMPIREWITH THIS CHRISTIAN GOD.
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IT'S DISASTROUS.
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OUT OF THAT CAME THATEXTRAORDINARY BOOK, THE
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CITY OF GOD.
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- SAINT AUGUSTINE'SWORDS --
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- THEY LOST ALL THEY HAD?
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THEIR FAITH?
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THEIR GODLINESS?
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THE POSSESSIONS OF THEHIDDEN MAN OF THE HEART
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WHICH IN THE SIGHT OFGOD ARE OF GREAT PRICE?
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DID THEY LOSE THOSE?
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- THE VERY CENTER OFTHE CHRISTIAN WORLD HAD
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COLLAPSED, AND THE YOUNGRELIGION IN EUROPE WOULD
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NOW FACE 1.000 YEARSOF RELENTLESS ATTACKS.
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TIME AFTER TIME IT WOULDAPPEAR THAT THE DIVINE
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TAPESTRY IN THE MAKINGWOULD BE TORN TO SHREDS.
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THE BLACK PLAGUE WOULDKILL NEARLY 30% OF
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THE POPULATION.
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POLITICS AND THEOLOGYWOULD CREATE A GREAT
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SCHISM SPLITTINGTHE CHURCH IN TWO.
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LATER THE CRUSADESAND THE INQUISITION
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THREATENED TO FATALLYWOUND THE SPREAD OF
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THE GOSPEL.
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EVEN THE ATTEMPTS TOREFORM THE FAITH WOULD
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TEAR THE CHURCHAPART AGAIN.
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AS SAINT AUGUSTINEPREDICTS, THE STORY OF
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CHRISTIANITY ISJUST BEGINNING.
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THERE WOULD BE TROUBLESAND CHALLENGES AHEAD, BUT
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THERE WOULD EMERGE WOMENAND MEN WHOSE FAITH
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LITERALLY TRANSFORMED THELANDSCAPES AROUND THEM.
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SOME OF THESE HEROESYOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF.
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BUT WE'VE UNCOVEREDREMARKABLE STORIES THAT
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YOU'VE NEVER HEARD.
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LET US START OUR JOURNEYIN CANTERBURY ENGLAND
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WITH A YOUNG WOMANNAMED BERTHA.
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- BERTHA WAS A CHRISTIANPRINCESS IN FRANCE.
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CAN YOU IMAGINE AS AYOUNG GIRL BEING GIVEN IN
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MARRIAGE TO THE PAGAN WARLORD,ETHELBERT OF KENT
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WHOSE THE BIGGEST FISHGOING BECAUSE HE'S
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FOLLOWED UP ALL THEOTHER MINOR WARLORDS.
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WE CAN TELL SHE WOULDHAVE BEEN A RURAL WOMAN
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IN THE MEROVINGIAN COURTAND IF YOU EVER WANTED
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THE GAME OF THRONES COMETO LIFE, IT WOULD BE
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MEROVINGIANCOURT POLITICS.
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THEY'D KILL ANYBODY INTHEIR WAY, AND SO FOR A
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WOMAN TO STAY ALIVE ANDKEEP HER INTEGRITY AND TO
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HAVE A KEY ROLE TO PLAYHERSELF AT THIS PERIOD
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TAKES AN AWFUL LOT OFSTRENGTH OF CHARACTER AND
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RESOLVE TO ACTUALLY HAVETHE COURAGE TO KEEP
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BRINGING THE SUBJECTOF YOUR FAITH TO THE
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FOREFRONT WHEN THEEXPECTATION ON YOUR
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HUSBAND'S PART IS THATYOU WILL FIT IN NEATLY
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AND ACTUALLY JUST GET ONWITH HIS WAY, HIS WORLD
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VIEW AND HISPAGAN RELIGION.
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AND SHE DID A GOODJOB DID BERTHA.
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SHE'S NAGGED AND NAGGEDAND NAGGED UNTIL SAINT
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AUGUSTINE WAS INVITEDOVER FROM ROME IN 596 TO
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ACTUALLY COME ANDMEET THE KING.
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HE GOES WITH BERTHA.
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HE MEETS HIM ONTHE KENT COAST.
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MEETS HIM OUTSIDE BECAUSEIF YOU MEET HIM IN THE
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BUILDING, HE MIGHT BEABLE TO PUT A SPELL ON
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YOU MORE EFFECTIVELY.
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BERTHA AND AUGUSTINE DO AREALLY REALLY GOOD JOB.
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NOT ONLY DO THEY GET THEPERMISSION TO COME IN AND
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PREACH TO THE PEOPLE WHOARE NOW CAMPING OUT IN
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THE OLD ROMAN CITYOF CANTERBURY,
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THEY GET GIVEN A LITTLETINY ROMAN MORTUARY
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CHAPEL, A PRIT IF YOULIKE TO GO AND START
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WORSHIPPING IN.
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AND FROM THERE, AUGUSTINE BUILDSHIS MISSION.
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IF HAD HADN'T HAD BEENFOR THEM KEEPING THE
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FLAME AND FANNING ITINTO LIFE AGAIN, THEN WE
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WOULDN'T HAVETHE ARCH BISHOP
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OF CANTERBURY NOW.
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SO I THINK THESE LITTLEHUMAN STORIES ARE FACTS
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OF COMMITMENT AND BRAVERYAND TAKING THOSE RISKS
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FOR YOUR FAITH.
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IT'S INSPIRATIONAL.
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- BERTHA AND ETHELBERT'SLEGACY LIVED ON.
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THEIR DAUGHTER ETHELBERTMARRIED KING EDWARD
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CONVERTING HIM AND HISROYAL COURT TO HER FAITH
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THUS BRINGING ABOUT THECONVERSION OF THE ENTIRE
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PAGAN NORTH OF ENGLAND.
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IT IS ASTOUNDING THATA PERSON WHO LEFT NO
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SPEECHES OR WRITINGS ANDPASSED NO LAWS COULD HAVE
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SUCH A PROFOUND IMPACTON THE SPREAD
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OF CHRISTIANITY.
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- THIS SET OF ISLANDS,BRITAIN, IRELAND, YOU GET SOME
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EXTRAORDINARY FIGURESMOVING BEYOND THE
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FRONTIERS OFCHRISTIANITY.
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THE MOST OBVIOUS EXAMPLEIS A VERY LATE ROMAN
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PROBABLY OF THE 5THCENTURY CALLED PATRICK.
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- IT'S INTERESTINGTO ME THAT SO MUCH OF
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CHRISTIANITY WASSPREAD BY SLAVES.
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PATRICK WAS TAKEN AS ASLAVE FROM ENGLAND INTO
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IRELAND WHERE HE WAS ALLALONE, HERDING SHEEP, AND
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HE HAD BEEN IN ACHRISTIAN FAMILY, BUT
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REALLY DON'T TAKERELIGION TOO SERIOUSLY
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CHRISTIAN FAMILY.
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AND HE STARTED TAKINGIT VERY SERIOUSLY.
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AND AFTER SEVERAL YEARSOF THAT, HE FINALLY
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MANAGED TO ESCAPE.
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- WE GOT 2 PRECIOUS DOCUMENTSFROM PATRICK
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ONE OF WHICH IS BASICALLYSORT OF AN AUTO BIOGRAPHY
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OF FASHIONS IN WHICH HETELLS THE STORY OF BEING
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CAPTURED BY IRISHSLAVERS, TAKEN TO
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IRELAND, LEARNING ABOUTIRELAND, SPEAKING --
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- HE ENDED UP BACK INENGLAND ANYWAY, AND HE
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WAS REALLY A DEVOUTCHRISTIAN AT THAT POINT.
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AND AFTER HE GOT HOME, HEHAD A DREAM THAT SOMEONE
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FROM WHERE HE HAD BEEN INIRELAND WAS SAYING COME
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BACK AND CONVERT US.
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- IN THE KNOWLEDGE OFTHIS FAITH IN THE TRINITY
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AND WITHOUT LETTING THEDANGERS PREVENT IT, IT IS
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RIGHT TO MAKE KNOWN THEGIFT OF GOD AND HIS
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ETERNAL CONSOLATION.
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IT IS RIGHT TO SPREADABROAD THE NAME OF GOD
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FAITHFULLY AND WITHOUTFEAR SO THAT EVEN AFTER
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MY DEATH I MAY LEAVESOMETHING OF VALUE TO THE
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MANY THOUSANDS OF MYBROTHERS AND SISTERS, THE
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CHILDREN WHOM IBAPTIZED IN THE LORD.
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- HE WASN'T THE FIRST,BUT HIS EFFECT WAS
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EXTRAORDINARY, AND NOW WEREMEMBER PATRICK AS THE
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ORIGINATOR OF IRISHCHRISTIANITY.
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- MEANWHILE IN FRANCE,THE ONGOING MUSLIM
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INVASION INTO WESTERNEUROPE WAS FINALLY HALTED
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BY CHARLES MARTEL INTHE BATTLE OF TOURS WHICH
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WAS NOTEABLY ONEWITHOUT CAVALRY.
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THIS VICTORY ENSUREDHIS FAMILY DYNASTY,
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THE CAROLINGIANS.
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HIS GRANDSON, CHARLESTHE GREAT OR CHARLEMAGNE
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BECAME A PROMINENT FIGUREIN EUROPEAN HISTORY.
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HE REACHED THE HEIGHT OFPOWER WHEN HE WAS CROWNED
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EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS BYPOPE LEO THE THIRD ON
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CHRISTMAS DAY AD 800IN SAINT PETERS'S
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BASILICA IN ROME.
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- CHARLEMAGNE WAS ARULER COMING INTO WHAT
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HAD BEEN GALL.
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IT WAS NOW CALLED THEKINGDOM OF THE FRANKS.
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WITHIN THIS WORLD, THISWORLD STRETCHED THROUGH
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FRANCE INTO THE RHINELANDINTO WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE
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NETHERLANDS AS FAR ASSWITZERLAND INTO GERMANY,
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A VAST AREA OF CENTRALEUROPE CAME UNDER
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HIS CONTROL.
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CHARLEMAGNE WAS ONE OFTHE MOST SUCCESSFUL
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SEIZERS OF ANOPPORTUNITY IN HISTORY.
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A MAN WHO HAD NOREAL CLAIM TO POWER.
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HE SEIZED IT FROM ANANCIENT DYNASTY WHICH HAD
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WORKED ITSELF OUT, ANDTOOK ON THE MOST POTENT
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IDEA OF POWER THAT HECOULD WHICH WAS TO BE AN
00:09:29.256 --> 00:09:32.926
EMPEROR, AN EMPERORLIKE A ROMAN EMPEROR.
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- HE COULD READ BUTCOULDN'T WRITE BECAUSE HE
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HAD SPENT SO MUCH TIMEWIELDING A SWORD.
00:09:41.168 --> 00:09:43.303
SWORDS AT THAT TIME WEREREALLY HEAVY THINGS THAT YOU
00:09:43.370 --> 00:09:45.572
SORT OF HANDLE LIKE ABAT, AND HE HAD PEOPLE
00:09:45.639 --> 00:09:48.342
READ TO HIM.
00:09:48.409 --> 00:09:49.777
AND HE WAS VERY MUCHIN FAVOR OF EDUCATION.
00:09:49.843 --> 00:09:52.413
HE BROUGHT FAMOUS --FROMENGLAND OUT FROM YORK TO
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COME AND REFORMTHE SCHOOLS.
00:09:55.015 --> 00:09:56.917
- HE SAW THAT THEKEY TO THIS EMPIRE OF THE
00:09:56.984 --> 00:10:00.287
MIND WHICH HE WANTED TOTURN INTO A REAL EMPIRE
00:10:00.354 --> 00:10:02.923
WAS TO FEED THE MIND,AND FEED IT WITH THE
00:10:02.990 --> 00:10:07.494
LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENTWORLD AND OF THE CHURCH
00:10:07.561 --> 00:10:11.131
WHICH HAD COME FROMTHAT ANCIENT WORLD.
00:10:11.198 --> 00:10:13.167
HE NEVER FORMALLY CALLEDTHIS THE HOLY
00:10:13.233 --> 00:10:15.135
ROMAN EMPIRE.
00:10:15.202 --> 00:10:16.270
THAT WOULD BE HISSUCCESSORS, BUT THAT'S
00:10:16.336 --> 00:10:17.705
WHAT IT WAS.
00:10:17.771 --> 00:10:19.473
IT WAS AN AMALGAM OF THEANCIENT WORLD AND THE
00:10:19.540 --> 00:10:23.343
CHURCH WHICH WOULDBE BASED ON THEIR
00:10:23.410 --> 00:10:25.279
LITERATURE, BOTH THELITERATURE AVAILABLE FROM
00:10:25.345 --> 00:10:28.782
PRE CHRISTIAN ROME BUTALSO EVERYTHING, THE BIBLE
00:10:28.849 --> 00:10:32.486
AND THEOLOGY AND THEEARLY FATHERS OF THE
00:10:32.553 --> 00:10:35.589
CHURCH, ALL THESE WERENEEDED TO BE COPIED OUT IN
00:10:35.656 --> 00:10:39.760
TEXT IN HUGE QUANTITIES.
00:10:39.827 --> 00:10:41.528
IT WOULD HAVE TO BE DONEQUICKLY, SO THEY INVENTED
00:10:41.595 --> 00:10:43.731
A SKRIT, A NEWSKRIT TO DO IT IN.
00:10:43.797 --> 00:10:46.233
LITTLE LETTERS RATHERTHAN THE BIG FORMAL
00:10:46.300 --> 00:10:48.435
CAPITALS, AND ITWAS MINUSCULE.
00:10:48.502 --> 00:10:50.804
CAROLINGIAN MINISCULE,AND YOU SEE IT ON THE
00:10:50.871 --> 00:10:53.941
PRINTED PAGE IN THEBOOKS YOU OPEN TODAY.
00:10:54.007 --> 00:10:56.343
THAT'S ITS DESCENDENT.
00:10:56.410 --> 00:10:57.878
- SO HIS WORK WAS NOTSO MUCH IN SPREADING
00:10:57.945 --> 00:10:59.980
CHRISTIANITY OFMISSION WORK.
00:11:00.047 --> 00:11:01.849
HIS WORK WAS MOSTLY INREFORMING THE CHURCH
00:11:01.915 --> 00:11:04.918
WITHIN HIS EMPIREBY MEANS OF
00:11:04.985 --> 00:11:07.054
BETTER EDUCATION.
00:11:07.121 --> 00:11:08.455
- CHARLEMAGNE EDUCATEDAND UNITED A NEW ROMAN
00:11:08.522 --> 00:11:11.625
EMPIRE, A CHRISTIANEMPIRE THAT WAS NOW
00:11:11.692 --> 00:11:14.695
BETTER EQUIPPEDTHAN EVER BEFORE.
00:11:14.762 --> 00:11:17.297
WHEN HE DIED IN AACHEN,GERMANY IN A.D.
00:11:17.364 --> 00:11:20.701
814, THE WESTERN CHURCHHAD UNDERGONE A CULTURAL
00:11:20.768 --> 00:11:23.070
AND INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL.
00:11:23.137 --> 00:11:25.405
THE CHURCH IN THE EASTWAS ALSO
00:11:25.472 --> 00:11:28.408
EXPERIENCING CHANGE.
00:11:28.475 --> 00:11:29.777
ABOUT THE TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE'SDEATH, 2 BROTHERS
00:11:29.843 --> 00:11:33.313
WERE BORN IN THE CITYOF THESSALONICA OF THE
00:11:33.380 --> 00:11:35.716
BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
00:11:35.783 --> 00:11:37.384
THEIR NAMES WERECONSTANTINE, RENAMED
00:11:37.451 --> 00:11:39.787
CYRIL AND MICHAELRENAMED METHODIUS.
00:11:39.853 --> 00:11:43.056
IN A.D. 860,
00:11:43.123 --> 00:11:44.291
THE EMPEROR MICHAELSENT THE BROTHERS ON A
00:11:44.358 --> 00:11:47.561
MISSIONARY EXPEDITION TOTHE CAZARES. THE BROTHERS
00:11:47.628 --> 00:11:51.298
MISSION MADE ALASTING IMPRESSION.
00:11:51.365 --> 00:11:53.767
THEY BEGAN THE WORKWHICH WOULD SOLIDIFY
00:11:53.834 --> 00:11:56.470
THEIR PLACE IN THEHISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
00:11:56.537 --> 00:11:58.972
AND GIVE THEM THE NAMETHE APOSTLES TO
00:11:59.039 --> 00:12:00.808
THE SLAVS.
00:12:00.874 --> 00:12:02.276
- THEY WERE SENT BY MIKETHE THIRD TO ARREST
00:12:02.342 --> 00:12:06.446
THE PRINCE OF MORAVIA.
00:12:06.513 --> 00:12:10.417
AT THAT TIME THERE WEREALREADY CHRISTIANITY -THE
00:12:10.484 --> 00:12:15.189
CHRISTIANITY WAS ALREADYSPREADING IN THE
00:12:15.255 --> 00:12:17.424
SOUTHEASTERN RUSSIA.
00:12:17.491 --> 00:12:19.726
ROSTISLAV WAS SEEKINGINDEPENDENCE AND WANTED
00:12:19.793 --> 00:12:22.462
TO BRING A RELIGION THATCOULD BE TAUGHT AND
00:12:22.529 --> 00:12:26.233
EXPLAINED IN NATIVELANGUAGE, SO INSTEAD OF
00:12:26.300 --> 00:12:30.871
TURNING TO ROME WHOWAS ALREADY SENDING
00:12:30.938 --> 00:12:33.574
EMISSARIES, HETURNED TO THE EAST TO
00:12:33.640 --> 00:12:37.845
CONSTANTINOPLE AND ASKEDEMPEROR MICHAEL THE THIRD
00:12:37.911 --> 00:12:41.281
TO SEND SOME MISSIONARIESWHO CAN COME AND TEACH
00:12:41.348 --> 00:12:46.553
HIS PEOPLE TO EMBRACECHRISTIANITY IN THEIR
00:12:46.620 --> 00:12:49.556
NATIVE LANGUAGE.
00:12:49.623 --> 00:12:51.625
- THERE WAS NO WAYOF WRITING THE SLAVIC
00:12:51.692 --> 00:12:55.596
LANGUAGES, SO THEY PRODUCEDENOUGH OF IT, THERE IS A
00:12:55.662 --> 00:13:00.667
SLIGHT VARIATION OFTHE GREEK ALPHABET.
00:13:00.734 --> 00:13:02.169
THEY WERE REALLY ORIGINALFROM THE EASTERN CHURCH.
00:13:02.236 --> 00:13:04.571
- AND CREATED A SCRIPTTHAT WAS CALLED GLAGOLITIC
00:13:04.638 --> 00:13:10.611
OR -- SO THE FIRSTSCRIPT THAT LATER BECAME
00:13:10.677 --> 00:13:15.883
ALL SLAVANIC LANGUAGE.
00:13:15.949 --> 00:13:18.252
THE ENTERPRISE WAS VERYSUCCESSFUL IN THE FACT
00:13:18.318 --> 00:13:23.190
THAT PEOPLEEMBRACED THE LANGUAGE, THE
00:13:23.257 --> 00:13:28.262
WRITTEN LANGUAGE ANDMETHODIUS TRANSLATED MOST
00:13:28.328 --> 00:13:32.165
OF THE NEW TESTAMENT,PSALMS AND DEFINITELY ALL
00:13:32.232 --> 00:13:33.834
OF THE CHURCH LITURGY.
00:13:33.901 --> 00:13:35.969
SO PEOPLE KNEW THISLANGUAGE WAS A LITTLE BIT
00:13:36.036 --> 00:13:39.072
DIFFERENT THAN THEY'REUSED TO BUT THEY ALSO
00:13:39.139 --> 00:13:42.042
KNEW IT'S A SPECIALLANGUAGE SET TO BE USED
00:13:42.109 --> 00:13:44.111
IN CHURCH.
00:13:44.177 --> 00:13:45.812
SO THAT PROMOTED THESPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
00:13:45.879 --> 00:13:48.515
REALLY WELL.
00:13:48.582 --> 00:13:49.917
- JOHN 1: 1 WERE THEFIRST WORDS TRANSLATED
00:13:49.983 --> 00:13:52.986
INTO THE OLD SLAVANICNOW RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
00:13:53.053 --> 00:13:55.422
LET'S HEAR IT.
00:13:55.489 --> 00:13:57.291
[SPEAKING IN SLAVIC]
00:13:57.357 --> 00:14:04.665
- NOW THE BIBLETRANSLATED, OLD RUSSIA
00:14:04.731 --> 00:14:06.500
WAS READY FORTHE NEW CHAPTER.
00:14:06.566 --> 00:14:08.302
ITS HISTORY AS WE KNOWIT BEGAN WITH AN UNUSUAL
00:14:08.368 --> 00:14:10.671
WARRIOR PRINCESSNAMED OLGA.
00:14:10.737 --> 00:14:12.806
- OLGA IS IMPORTANT INTHE HISTORY OF RUSSIA
00:14:12.873 --> 00:14:15.575
BECAUSE OF HER RULE.
00:14:15.642 --> 00:14:17.544
HER HUSBAND EGAN WASKILLED BY A
00:14:17.611 --> 00:14:21.415
NEIGHBORING TRIBE.
00:14:21.481 --> 00:14:23.383
SHE WAS A WIDOW WHICH ISVERY UNUSUAL AT THAT TIME
00:14:23.450 --> 00:14:28.822
TO RULE FOR A WIDOW, ANDSHE WAS VERY FIRM IN NOT
00:14:28.889 --> 00:14:35.262
GETTING MARRIED AGAIN.
00:14:35.329 --> 00:14:36.964
IT'S NOT QUITE CLEAR WHYSHE BECAME A CHRISTIAN OR
00:14:37.030 --> 00:14:39.700
HOW SHE HEARD ABOUT IT.
00:14:39.766 --> 00:14:41.001
IT'S CLEAR THATTHERE WERE CHRISTIAN
00:14:41.068 --> 00:14:44.438
MISSIONARIES FROMCONSTANTINOPLE OR
00:14:44.504 --> 00:14:48.475
BYZANTINE AT THAT TIMEALREADY AROUND HER, SO
00:14:48.542 --> 00:14:51.945
SHE TRAVELED TOCONSTANTINOPLE AND SHE
00:14:52.012 --> 00:14:55.415
ASKED THE EMPEROR HIMSELFCONSTANTINE TO BE
00:14:55.482 --> 00:15:00.587
BAPTIZED BY HIM.
00:15:00.654 --> 00:15:03.023
WHEN SHE CAME BACK, SHESTARTED EVANGELIZING BUT
00:15:03.090 --> 00:15:08.528
HER SON WAS NOTINTERESTED IN
00:15:08.595 --> 00:15:12.299
ACCEPTING CHRISTIANITY.
00:15:12.366 --> 00:15:13.633
HE THOUGHT IT WOULD BERIDICULOUS TO BECOME A
00:15:13.700 --> 00:15:17.571
CHRISTIAN AMONG OTHERPAGAN LEADERS, BUT IT WAS
00:15:17.637 --> 00:15:20.540
HER GRANDSON, VLADIMIR,WHO IS CREDITED WITH
00:15:20.607 --> 00:15:25.379
FULLY BRINGINGCHRISTIANITY TO RUSSIA.
00:15:25.445 --> 00:15:28.915
-- TELLS THE STORY OFRUSSIA FROM MID 800'S.
00:15:28.982 --> 00:15:33.787
VLADIMIR WAS INTERESTINGIN THERE IS A REALLY BIG
00:15:33.854 --> 00:15:39.126
CHANGE IN HIS LIFE ANDIN HIS BEHAVIOR, IN HIS
00:15:39.192 --> 00:15:42.929
ATTITUDE BEFORE HE BECAMEA CHRISTIAN AND AFTER HE
00:15:42.996 --> 00:15:46.099
BECAME A CHRISTIAN.
00:15:46.166 --> 00:15:47.834
AS A PAGAN, HE WASANGRY, VERY VILE MAN, AND
00:15:47.901 --> 00:15:52.039
HE ALSO WAS VERYPROMISCUOUS.
00:15:52.105 --> 00:15:54.374
HE HAD MULTIPLEMULTIPLE WIVES.
00:15:54.441 --> 00:15:58.912
VLADIMIR IS KNOWN FORSENDING HIS ENVOYS ALL
00:15:58.979 --> 00:16:02.949
OVER THE WORLD BECAUSEHE WANTED TO FIND A NEW
00:16:03.016 --> 00:16:08.655
RELIGION FOR HIS PEOPLETHAT WOULD UNITE THEM BUT
00:16:08.722 --> 00:16:13.627
IT WILL ALSO MAKETHEM DIFFERENT.
00:16:13.693 --> 00:16:17.998
- AND ENVOYS CAME TOSAMPLED FAITH, THEY
00:16:18.065 --> 00:16:22.602
SAMPLE, ISLAM,THEY SAMPLED LATIN
00:16:22.669 --> 00:16:25.806
CHRISTIANITY, BYZANTINECHRISTIANITY.
00:16:25.872 --> 00:16:28.875
THEY WALKED INTO THISCHURCH AND SAID THIS
00:16:28.942 --> 00:16:30.510
IS HEAVEN.
00:16:30.577 --> 00:16:31.812
THIS IS IT.
00:16:31.878 --> 00:16:33.346
- AND THEN WE WENT ONTOGREECE, AND THE GREEKS
00:16:33.413 --> 00:16:35.816
LED US TO THE EDIFICESWHERE THEY WORSHIP THEIR
00:16:35.882 --> 00:16:37.617
GOD, AND WE KNEW NOTWHERE WE WERE, IN HEAVEN
00:16:37.684 --> 00:16:41.855
OR AN EARTH FOR ON EARTHTHERE IS NO SUCH SPLENDOR
00:16:41.922 --> 00:16:44.958
OR SUCH BEAUTY, AND WEARE AT A LOSS HOW TO
00:16:45.025 --> 00:16:47.627
DESCRIBE IT.
00:16:47.694 --> 00:16:50.130
- SO AFTER THAT REPORT,HE WAS REALLY MOVED, AND
00:16:50.197 --> 00:16:53.600
HE REALLY WANTED TOEMBRACE THAT AND TO BE
00:16:53.667 --> 00:16:57.871
PART OF THAT, SO HETRAVELED TO
00:16:57.938 --> 00:17:01.842
OUTSIDE CONSTANTINOPLE.
00:17:01.908 --> 00:17:04.945
HE WAS BAPTIZED AND THENHE MARRIED THE EMPEROR'S
00:17:05.011 --> 00:17:08.081
SISTER, ANNA.
00:17:08.148 --> 00:17:11.852
AND BOTH OF THEMCAME BACK TO RUSSIA.
00:17:11.918 --> 00:17:15.155
HE BROUGHT ALL THE PEOPLETOGETHER, SENT THEM INTO
00:17:15.222 --> 00:17:18.125
THE RIVER VOLGA AND THATWAS PROBABLY THE FIRST
00:17:18.191 --> 00:17:22.062
MASSIVE BAPTISM BECAUSETHOUSANDS WERE BAPTIZED.
00:17:22.129 --> 00:17:25.999
THE SAME HAPPENED IN--IN THE RIVER --.
00:17:26.066 --> 00:17:33.974
VLADIMIR WAS THE FIRSTTO BUILD A STONE CHURCH.
00:17:34.040 --> 00:17:39.012
AND THERE WAS A VERYBEAUTIFUL WHITE
00:17:39.079 --> 00:17:41.681
STONE CHURCH.
00:17:41.748 --> 00:17:43.550
IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT INTHE DAILY SERVICES, AND
00:17:43.617 --> 00:17:47.621
THEN THIS IS WHERE HEAND HIS WIFE ANNA
00:17:47.687 --> 00:17:51.324
WERE BURIED.
00:17:51.391 --> 00:17:53.493
- FOR OVER A THOUSANDYEARS, RUSSIA REMAINED A
00:17:53.560 --> 00:17:55.495
CHRISTIAN NATION.
00:17:55.562 --> 00:17:57.664
CHRISTIANITY SPREADTHROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE AND
00:17:57.731 --> 00:17:59.866
BECAME A SYMBOL OFNATIONAL IDENTITY
00:17:59.933 --> 00:18:01.868
AFFECTING EVERYAREA OF LIFE.
00:18:01.935 --> 00:18:04.371
EVEN TODAY THE RUSSIANLANGUAGE HAS MANY PHRASES
00:18:04.437 --> 00:18:06.907
AND COMMON IDIOMS THATCOME DIRECTLY FROM
00:18:06.973 --> 00:18:09.476
THE BIBLE.
00:18:09.543 --> 00:18:12.212
FOR EXAMPLE, THE WORDFOR THANK YOU [SPEAKING
00:18:12.279 --> 00:18:15.448
RUSSIAN ] ACTUALLY COMESFROM THE PHASE [SPEAKING
00:18:15.515 --> 00:18:18.251
RUSSIAN ] WHICHMEANS GOD SAVES.
00:18:18.318 --> 00:18:21.421
SO EVERY TIME YOU THANKSOMEONE, YOU'RE ACTUALLY
00:18:21.488 --> 00:18:23.990
THANKING GOD FORALLOWING YOU TO BE HERE.
00:18:24.057 --> 00:18:26.526
AT THE SAME TIME, THEREST OF CHRISTIAN EUROPE
00:18:26.593 --> 00:18:29.196
WAS CONTENDING WITH AHISTORIC SPLIT FUELED BY
00:18:29.262 --> 00:18:31.665
POLITICAL ANDRELIGION TENSIONS.
00:18:31.731 --> 00:18:34.434
THE SCHISM OF 1054ESSENTIALLY SPLINTERED
00:18:34.501 --> 00:18:37.137
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITYINTO 2 BRANCHES, THE
00:18:37.204 --> 00:18:39.906
LATIN WEST CENTERED INROME, AND THE GREEK EAST
00:18:39.973 --> 00:18:42.676
CENTERED INCONSTANTINOPLE.
00:18:42.742 --> 00:18:46.513
- FOR THE EARLIESTCHURCH IN THE FIRST
00:18:46.580 --> 00:18:48.715
CENTURY THEY HADCOMMUNION EVERY DAY.
00:18:48.782 --> 00:18:50.550
THIS WAS PART OF THEIRIDENTITY AND THEIR LINK
00:18:50.617 --> 00:18:52.852
WITH THE VERY JESUS OFTHE TEXT, SO HOW YOU
00:18:52.919 --> 00:18:54.821
TREATED THE BLOOD ANDTHE BODY OF CHRIST WAS
00:18:54.888 --> 00:18:57.891
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, ANDIT WAS WORTH FOR THEM TO
00:18:57.958 --> 00:19:01.061
DIVIDE, AND TOTHIS DAY THERE STILL IS
00:19:01.127 --> 00:19:05.265
AN EASTERN AND WESTERNCHURCH AMONG
00:19:05.332 --> 00:19:07.300
THOSE STRANDS.
00:19:07.367 --> 00:19:11.538
- FOR THE CHURCH SPLITIN 2, THE MONASTIC
00:19:11.605 --> 00:19:14.040
MOVEMENT CONTINUED TOSPREAD THROUGHOUT BOTH
00:19:14.107 --> 00:19:16.876
THE EAST AND THE WEST.
00:19:16.943 --> 00:19:18.645
- ALL THESE PEOPLE HAVEBEEN TRAINING FOR AND
00:19:18.712 --> 00:19:20.680
PREPARING FOR MARTEL.
00:19:20.747 --> 00:19:22.649
I HAVE TO BE A CHRISTIANOF SUCH CONVICTION THAT
00:19:22.716 --> 00:19:27.454
I'M READY TO DIE.
00:19:27.520 --> 00:19:29.222
AND THEN SUDDENLYEVERYTHING CHANGES.
00:19:29.289 --> 00:19:31.358
AND NOW IT'S OKAY TO BEA CHRISTIAN, AND WHAT DO
00:19:31.424 --> 00:19:34.394
YOU DO WITHALL THAT ZEAL?
00:19:34.461 --> 00:19:36.663
YOU BEGIN WONDERING ABOUTALL THIS CHEAP CHRISTIANITY
00:19:36.730 --> 00:19:38.999
THAT'S DEVELOPING AROUNDYOU AND ONE OF THE
00:19:39.065 --> 00:19:41.801
OPTIONS, THERE ARE MANYOPTIONS BUT ONE IS SAYING
00:19:41.868 --> 00:19:43.670
I'M GONNA GO AWAYSOMEPLACE AND GET AWAY
00:19:43.737 --> 00:19:46.306
FROM THISCORRUPT SOCIETY.
00:19:46.373 --> 00:19:47.974
BEFORE I WAS AWAY FROMTHE CORRUPT SOCIETY
00:19:48.041 --> 00:19:49.643
BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T WANTME, BUT NOW I'M GONNA BE
00:19:49.709 --> 00:19:51.878
AWAY FROM IT BECAUSE IDON'T WANT TO BE LIKE THEM.
00:19:51.945 --> 00:19:54.047
IT WAS MORE THE WILDERNESS.AND THEY'LL GO THERE
00:19:54.114 --> 00:19:57.417
AND APPARENTLY THEYWENT BY THEMSELVES.
00:19:57.484 --> 00:20:00.553
AND THEY EVENTUALLY BEGANFORMING GROUPS AND SO ON.
00:20:00.620 --> 00:20:03.290
- ONE OF THE MOSTNOTABLE FIGURES OF THE
00:20:03.356 --> 00:20:04.858
MOVEMENT WAS AN ITALIAN,GIOVANNI DI PIETRO DI
00:20:04.924 --> 00:20:09.162
BERNARDONE, WHO BASED HISLIFE AND HIS ORDER
00:20:09.229 --> 00:20:12.932
ON ONE SIMPLE RULE.
00:20:12.999 --> 00:20:15.101
TO FOLLOW THE TEACHINGSOF CHRIST AND
00:20:15.168 --> 00:20:16.903
TO WALK IN HIS FOOTSTEPS.
00:20:16.970 --> 00:20:19.272
HE WOULD LATER BECOMEONE OF THE MOST BELOVED
00:20:19.339 --> 00:20:21.708
SAINTS OF THE CHURCH,SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI.
00:20:21.775 --> 00:20:26.079
- SO FRANCIS IS GROWINGUP IN THIS NEW ECONOMY,
00:20:26.146 --> 00:20:28.748
THIS MONEY ECONOMY.
00:20:28.815 --> 00:20:31.184
HIS FATHER IS MAKING MONEY,HIS FATHER IS A MERCHANT.
00:20:31.251 --> 00:20:33.787
SO ONE DAY HE COMES ANDHE TELLS HIS BUDDIES
00:20:33.853 --> 00:20:38.258
AFTER HE'S BEENAWAY, I GOT MARRIED!
00:20:38.325 --> 00:20:41.361
WHO? WHAT? WHO DID HE MARRY?
00:20:41.428 --> 00:20:44.998
MADONNA POVERTA. MADAM POVERTY.
00:20:45.065 --> 00:20:48.468
AT THAT POINT HE DECIDEDHE WAS GOING TO BE POOR.
00:20:48.535 --> 00:20:52.305
WELL HIS FATHERDIDN'T LIKE THAT.
00:20:52.372 --> 00:20:54.307
HE SAYS WHATARE YOU DOING?
00:20:54.374 --> 00:20:56.676
I'M FEEDING YOU, I'MGIVING YOU MY CLOTHES,
00:20:56.743 --> 00:20:58.645
YOU ARE AGAINST ALLTHAT I AM ABOUT!
00:20:58.712 --> 00:21:02.315
AND HE SAID OKAY, I DON'TWANT TO HEAR FROM YOU,
00:21:02.382 --> 00:21:04.951
SO HE TAKES OFF ALL HISCLOTHES AND GIVES THEM
00:21:05.018 --> 00:21:06.586
BACK TO HIM AND OFFAWAY NAKED HE GOES
00:21:06.653 --> 00:21:08.755
OFF TO THE WOODS.
00:21:08.822 --> 00:21:10.824
THAT'S THE MAKINGOF A SAINT.
00:21:10.890 --> 00:21:14.027
IT'S A DIFFERENTKIND OF SAINT.
00:21:14.094 --> 00:21:15.628
HE'S COMMITTED TO ITAND BECAUSE OF THAT,
00:21:15.695 --> 00:21:19.032
IMMEDIATELY HE BEGINS HAVINGMORE PEOPLE AROUND HIM.
00:21:19.099 --> 00:21:22.969
AND THEN HE WANTS TOORGANIZE THESE PEOPLE.
00:21:23.036 --> 00:21:30.076
HE GOES TO ROME TO GETPERMISSION FROM THE POPE,
00:21:30.143 --> 00:21:36.583
AT THAT POINT HAPPENS TOBE INNOCENT III, MOST
00:21:36.649 --> 00:21:38.518
POWERFUL POPETHERE'S EVER BEEN.
00:21:38.585 --> 00:21:41.121
INNOCENT, ACCORDING TOTHE PEOPLE TELLS US FROM
00:21:41.187 --> 00:21:43.790
THE CHRONICLES SAYINNOCENT TO HIM, YOU
00:21:43.857 --> 00:21:46.359
SMELL LIKE A PIG! GOWALLOW AMONG THE PIGS!
00:21:46.426 --> 00:21:51.698
SO HE BOWS, HE GOES AWAY,HE COMES BACK AFTER A
00:21:51.765 --> 00:21:54.601
WHILE COVERED WITH MUDAND SAID FATHER, I'VE
00:21:54.667 --> 00:21:57.604
DONE AS YOU COMMANDED,NOW WILL YOU DO AS I PRAY?
00:21:57.670 --> 00:22:01.040
AND FRANCIS, INNOCENT WASSMART ENOUGH TO SEE THAT
00:22:01.107 --> 00:22:06.613
THERE WAS SOMETHING HEREHE BETTER SUPPORT.
00:22:06.679 --> 00:22:09.382
- ONE OF THE THINGS THATMADE HIM SO POPULAR WAS
00:22:09.449 --> 00:22:12.352
HIS DESIRE FOR PEACE,SO FROM 1095 TO 1492,
00:22:12.419 --> 00:22:18.224
YOU HAVE A SERIES OFCRUSADES THAT COULD
00:22:18.291 --> 00:22:20.827
HAVE LASTED LONGER.
00:22:20.894 --> 00:22:23.263
THE CRUSADES REFLECTEDTHE ANGER THAT MANY OF
00:22:23.329 --> 00:22:27.000
THE WESTERN CHRISTIANSESPECIALLY HAD WITH
00:22:27.066 --> 00:22:29.869
MUSLIMS AND SOME OFTHEIR HOLY AREAS.
00:22:29.936 --> 00:22:33.573
IN FACT IN 1219, HE WENTTO EGYPT TO MEET WITH THE
00:22:33.640 --> 00:22:36.876
SULTAN TRYING TO CONVERTHIM, BUT ULTIMATELY
00:22:36.943 --> 00:22:39.779
WANTING TO END THECONFLICT BETWEEN THE
00:22:39.846 --> 00:22:42.982
CHRISTIANS ANDTHE MUSLIMS.
00:22:43.049 --> 00:22:44.918
IN FACT, THAT HAD ABEARING ON A LOT OF
00:22:44.984 --> 00:22:47.420
PEOPLE AS WE WOULD SEEWITH PEOPLE WANTING TO DO
00:22:47.487 --> 00:22:51.458
THINGS TO HELP THOSE WHOARE DISENFRANCHISED.
00:22:51.524 --> 00:22:55.061
OF COURSE ST. FRANCISWOULD HAVE SO MANY
00:22:55.128 --> 00:22:57.197
FOLLOWERS AND HE STARTEDTHE FRANCISCAN ORDER.
00:22:57.263 --> 00:22:59.999
SO THE FRANCISCANS WEREMUCH BELOVED AND SOME
00:23:00.066 --> 00:23:03.736
PEOPLE WANTED THEM, WITHTHEM WHEN THEY WENT TO A
00:23:03.803 --> 00:23:07.040
NEW TERRITORY SAID THEYCOULD HAVE PEOPLE THAT
00:23:07.106 --> 00:23:09.776
WEREN'T TRYING TO ACQUIRETHINGS OR TO BECOME
00:23:09.843 --> 00:23:12.312
WEALTHY, SO IT WASREFRESHING TO HAVE THIS
00:23:12.378 --> 00:23:16.416
GROUP OF MENDICANTS ORPEOPLE DENY THEMSELVES
00:23:16.483 --> 00:23:19.786
TO EMULATE JESUS.
00:23:19.853 --> 00:23:24.991
[MUSIC]
00:23:25.058 --> 00:23:38.471
THAT CAUGHT ON, AND THEREBECAME THESE CELLS AND
00:23:38.538 --> 00:23:41.007
THESE GROUPS ANDBUILDINGS IN SCHOOLS
00:23:41.074 --> 00:23:43.977
THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
00:23:44.043 --> 00:23:46.746
- WOMEN DIDTHE SAME THING.
00:23:46.813 --> 00:23:48.214
I THINK WOMEN ALSO DIDTHAT FOR ANOTHER REASON.
00:23:48.281 --> 00:23:51.651
THERE WERE NOT TOO MANYOPTIONS FOR A WOMAN WHO
00:23:51.718 --> 00:23:53.253
DOES NOT WANT TO BESUBJECT TO A MAN,
00:23:53.319 --> 00:23:56.556
WHO WANTS TO BE ABLE TO DO,TO THINK FOR HERSELF.
00:23:56.623 --> 00:24:00.360
THERE'S A LETTER FROMCYPRIAN LATER THAT HE
00:24:00.426 --> 00:24:04.063
WRITES TO A WOMAN AND HESAYS IF YOU DO THIS, YOU
00:24:04.130 --> 00:24:09.168
WILL BE FREE FROM THECURSES OF GENESIS BECAUSE
00:24:09.235 --> 00:24:13.806
YOU WILL NO LONGER BESUBJECT TO A MAN AND YOU
00:24:13.873 --> 00:24:15.909
WILL NO LONGER HAVEPAIN IN CHILDBIRTH.
00:24:15.975 --> 00:24:19.078
- ONE OF THE PEOPLETHAT CAME ON THE SCENE,
00:24:19.145 --> 00:24:21.114
PERHAPS ONE OF THE MOSTWRITTEN ABOUT INDIVIDUALS
00:24:21.180 --> 00:24:23.883
AND CERTAINLY ENGAGINGSTORY TO READ AND A MAJOR
00:24:23.950 --> 00:24:28.288
PART OF HISTORY ANDTHAT'S CATHERINE OF SIENA.
00:24:28.354 --> 00:24:31.090
- IN 1347, A GIRL NAMEDCATHERINE WAS BORN IN
00:24:31.157 --> 00:24:34.360
SIENA, ITALY JUST MONTHSBEFORE THE BLACK DEATH
00:24:34.427 --> 00:24:37.430
SWEPT THROUGH EUROPE.
00:24:37.497 --> 00:24:39.532
CATHERINE WAS ONE OF 25SIBLINGS MOST OF WHOM
00:24:39.599 --> 00:24:43.102
DIED IN CHILDHOOD.
00:24:43.169 --> 00:24:45.305
EVEN HER TWIN SISTERDID NOT SURVIVE.
00:24:45.371 --> 00:24:48.241
DURING THIS DARK TIME INEUROPEAN HISTORY, WITH A
00:24:48.308 --> 00:24:51.177
THIRD OF THE POPULATIONDECIMATED BY THE PLAGUE,
00:24:51.244 --> 00:24:54.347
HOW DID THIS YOUNG WOMANBECOME A WELL-KNOWN
00:24:54.414 --> 00:24:57.383
PUBLIC FIGURE, AREFORMER, A WRITER, A
00:24:57.450 --> 00:25:01.120
POLITICAL ACTIVIST WHOWAS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE
00:25:01.187 --> 00:25:05.091
CHURCH AND CIVILPOLICIES OF HER TIME.
00:25:05.158 --> 00:25:08.628
LET'S START OUR STORYWHEN LITTLE CATHERINE WAS
00:25:08.695 --> 00:25:11.130
LIVING IN HERFAMILY HOME.
00:25:11.197 --> 00:25:13.232
HER FATHER WASA CLOTH DYER.
00:25:13.299 --> 00:25:15.902
SHE OFTEN SPENT HER DAYS BYTHE MAIN CITY FOUNTAIN,
00:25:15.969 --> 00:25:20.907
LOCATED JUST BELOWHER FAMILY HOME IN SIENA.
00:25:20.974 --> 00:25:25.244
- TODAY WHEN WE THINK OFCATHERINE OF SIENA, WE
00:25:25.311 --> 00:25:28.314
THINK OF ONE OF THE ONLYFOUR WOMEN DOCTORS IN THE
00:25:28.381 --> 00:25:31.684
CATHOLIC CHURCH, MEANINGONE OF THE BRIGHTEST
00:25:31.751 --> 00:25:34.954
PEOPLE OF THEOLOGY INTHEIR WHOLE TRADITION
00:25:35.021 --> 00:25:37.357
FOR ALL TIMES.
00:25:37.423 --> 00:25:39.225
WELL IT BEGAN IN A HOUSEIN SIENA WHERE SHE WOULD
00:25:39.292 --> 00:25:42.395
RUN DOWN THE STEPS ANDLOVED TO PLAY IN THE
00:25:42.462 --> 00:25:44.364
FOUNTAIN, AND THEIRFATHER TO JOIN UP BUT HER
00:25:44.430 --> 00:25:48.434
PARENTS ALSO KNEW THATOUT OF THEIR 25 CHILDREN,
00:25:48.501 --> 00:25:53.473
SHE WAS DIFFERENT.
00:25:53.539 --> 00:25:57.110
SHE STARTED SEEINGVISIONS EARLY,
00:25:57.176 --> 00:26:00.146
AND BY SEVEN SHE HADA MAJOR VISION.
00:26:00.213 --> 00:26:04.317
IN FACT, IT WAS SO STRONGTHAT SHE ENDED UP MOVING
00:26:04.384 --> 00:26:09.322
INTO THE BASEMENT ANDDENYING HERSELF OF THE
00:26:09.389 --> 00:26:13.426
THINGS THAT SHE THOUGHTGAVE PLEASURE IN THIS
00:26:13.493 --> 00:26:17.830
WORLD BECAUSE SHE WANTEDTO FOCUS ON CHRIST, AND
00:26:17.897 --> 00:26:20.667
SO IN THE BASEMENT OF HERHOUSE, HE PARENTS LET HER
00:26:20.733 --> 00:26:23.736
SLEEP ON A BOARD WITHA LOG FOR A PILLOW.
00:26:23.803 --> 00:26:29.342
SHE WENT THROUGH ASPECIAL PERIOD FROM 13 TO
00:26:29.409 --> 00:26:32.011
16 YEARS OF AGE WHERE SHEHAD HAD THIS VISION THAT
00:26:32.078 --> 00:26:36.916
SHE WAS MARRIEDTO CHRIST.
00:26:36.983 --> 00:26:40.787
AT 16, HER SISTER, ONE OFHER BEST FRIENDS, DIED IN
00:26:40.853 --> 00:26:46.459
CHILDBIRTH, AND IT WAS ATRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE FOR
00:26:46.526 --> 00:26:52.965
HER BECAUSE ALSO HERPARENTS WANTED TO BETROTH
00:26:53.032 --> 00:26:57.670
HER TO HER SISTER'SHUSBAND, AND SHE SO
00:26:57.737 --> 00:27:01.774
REFUSED, SHE WAS STILLGETTING OVER THE PAIN OF
00:27:01.841 --> 00:27:04.043
LOSING HER SISTER THATSHE CUT HER HAIR OFF AND
00:27:04.110 --> 00:27:08.114
JOINED THE THIRDDOMINICAN ORDER, AND BY
00:27:08.181 --> 00:27:13.886
THIS TIME SHE ALREADYHAD A FOLLOWING, AND SHE
00:27:13.953 --> 00:27:16.355
ALREADY WAS RESPECTEDFOR THE INTENSITY OF HER
00:27:16.422 --> 00:27:19.525
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE.
00:27:19.592 --> 00:27:23.062
AND THERE STARTED TO RISEUP STORIES JUST LIKE IN
00:27:23.129 --> 00:27:26.699
THE GOSPELS OF THESEMIRACLES HAPPENING AMONG
00:27:26.766 --> 00:27:30.203
THESE PEOPLE THAT NO ONEELSE WANTED TO HELP.
00:27:30.269 --> 00:27:35.208
IN FACT, WITHIN THREEOR FOUR YEARS AFTER HER
00:27:35.274 --> 00:27:37.477
BIRTH, A THIRD OF ALLEUROPE HAD ALREADY DIED
00:27:37.543 --> 00:27:40.279
WITH BLACK PLAGUE, SO NOWIT HITS AGAIN AND SHE
00:27:40.346 --> 00:27:44.183
BECOMES A HERO TO THEPEOPLE, A LIVING SAINT
00:27:44.250 --> 00:27:50.289
FOR WHAT SHE DID AMONGTHEM AND STARTED AN
00:27:50.356 --> 00:27:53.192
INSTITUTION TO HELP THEMAND TO SYSTEMATIZE
00:27:53.259 --> 00:27:56.963
WHAT SHE WAS DOING.
00:27:57.029 --> 00:27:59.232
THAT NOT ONLY DREW THEATTENTION OF A LOT OF
00:27:59.298 --> 00:28:00.867
PEOPLE, IT ALSOEMBOLDENED HER, AND SHE
00:28:00.933 --> 00:28:03.836
WAS SO FRUSTRATED AT ALOT OF WHAT WAS GOING ON,
00:28:03.903 --> 00:28:07.874
BOTH AGAINST MUSLIMS,AGAINST DIFFERENT
00:28:07.940 --> 00:28:13.646
ECONOMIC SITUATIONSAND SO FORTH, THAT SHE
00:28:13.713 --> 00:28:16.849
THOUGHT A LOT OF THEPROBLEM HAD TO DO WITH
00:28:16.916 --> 00:28:20.253
THE POPE NOT BEING AT THESEAT OF SAINT PETER IN
00:28:20.319 --> 00:28:23.890
ROME, SO SHE STARTEDWRITING LETTERS TO THE POPE.
00:28:23.956 --> 00:28:28.528
HERE IS A WOMAN AT A TIMEWHEN WOMEN WEREN'T DOING
00:28:28.594 --> 00:28:31.030
THIS, BUT SHE WAS SOFEISTY, AND SHE WOULD
00:28:31.097 --> 00:28:34.200
PREACH TO CROWDS IN THECITY SQUARE, AND SHE HAD
00:28:34.267 --> 00:28:37.537
SERVED AND STARED DEATHIN THE FACE MANY TIMES.
00:28:37.603 --> 00:28:41.941
WE HAVE AROUND 400LETTERS THAT SHE WROTE,
00:28:42.008 --> 00:28:46.245
AND SOME OF THOSE WERETO THE POPE AT AVIGNON.
00:28:46.312 --> 00:28:51.117
SO INSTEAD OF BEING INROME, THE POPE IS ALL THE
00:28:51.184 --> 00:28:56.455
WAY IN THIS LITTLETERRITORY OWNED BY THE
00:28:56.522 --> 00:28:59.625
HOLY SEAT IN FRANCE,LONG WAY FROM WHERE SHE
00:28:59.692 --> 00:29:03.629
BELIEVED THAT THE LEADEROF THE CHURCH SHOULD BE.
00:29:03.696 --> 00:29:08.901
CATHERINE WRITES THIS TOPOPE GREGORY THE ELEVENTH...
00:29:08.968 --> 00:29:13.840
CATHERINE WOULDACTUALLY GET AUDIENCE
00:29:24.283 --> 00:29:26.052
FOR THE POPE, ANDSHE VISITED HIM.
00:29:26.118 --> 00:29:28.621
IN FACT, SHORTLYAFTER SHE VISITED,
00:29:28.688 --> 00:29:32.325
HE RETURNED TO ROME.
00:29:32.391 --> 00:29:34.393
DURING THE LATTER PART OFHER LIFE, SHE HAD TRUSTED
00:29:34.460 --> 00:29:38.598
TO HER SECRETARIES THESUPPORT STAFF AROUND HER
00:29:38.664 --> 00:29:42.001
TO WRITE THE WORK THATBECAME KNOWN AS
00:29:42.068 --> 00:29:45.404
THE DIALOGUE, WHICH ISREPUBLISHED EVERY COUPLE
00:29:45.471 --> 00:29:48.407
OF YEARS TO THE PRESENT.
00:29:48.474 --> 00:29:51.177
IT'S HARD FOR ME NOT TOREAD OR TALK MUCH ABOUT
00:29:51.244 --> 00:29:55.248
CATHERINE SIENA BEFORETHINKING OF HER VISION OF
00:29:55.314 --> 00:30:01.354
CHRIST ON THE CROSS.
00:30:01.420 --> 00:30:03.456
AND WHEN SHE LOOKED UP TOTHE CRUCIFIXION IN THIS
00:30:03.522 --> 00:30:05.691
VISION, SHE DIDN'T SEEA SUFFERING CHRIST.
00:30:05.758 --> 00:30:12.064
SHE DIDN'T SEE NAILSHOLDING HIM TO THE WOOD.
00:30:12.131 --> 00:30:15.935
SHE SAW STAIRSTEPS TO HIS HEART.
00:30:16.002 --> 00:30:18.504
- MY SON'S NAILED FEETARE A STAIR BY WHICH YOU
00:30:18.571 --> 00:30:21.641
CAN CLIMB TO HIS SIDE.
00:30:21.707 --> 00:30:23.776
WHAT YOU WILL SEEREVEALED, HIS INMOST HEART.
00:30:23.843 --> 00:30:27.914
FOR WHEN THE SOUL ISLOOKED WITH THE MINDS EYE
00:30:27.980 --> 00:30:30.416
INTO MY SON'S OPEN HEART,SHE BEGINS TO FEEL THE
00:30:30.483 --> 00:30:33.786
LOVE OF HER OWN HEARTAND IS CONSUMMATE
00:30:33.853 --> 00:30:36.255
IN UNSPEAKABLE LOVE.
00:30:36.322 --> 00:30:38.991
- AND WHEN SHE DIEDAT AGE 33, SAME AGE AS
00:30:39.058 --> 00:30:41.527
JESUS, THERE WAS SUCHAPPRECIATION FOR HER AND
00:30:41.594 --> 00:30:45.298
SUCH STRONG ACCOUNTS OFMIRACLES ASSOCIATED WITH
00:30:45.364 --> 00:30:48.434
HER IN THE VARIOUSVISIONS SHE HAD THAT WHEN
00:30:48.501 --> 00:30:52.838
SHE DIED AND HER BODY WASENTERED IN A CHURCH IN
00:30:52.905 --> 00:30:56.142
ROME THROUGH THE PAPALCEREMONY, IT'S ALSO
00:30:56.208 --> 00:31:01.147
ALLEGED THAT HER HEADIS IN THE CHURCH OF
00:31:01.213 --> 00:31:03.449
SAN D MENICO ABOVE HERHOUSE IN SIENA.
00:31:03.516 --> 00:31:07.019
SO FROM THE VERY TIMETHAT SHE DIED, SHE BECAME
00:31:07.086 --> 00:31:11.590
PART OF THE FABRIC OF THEHERITAGE OF THE CHURCH,
00:31:11.657 --> 00:31:14.994
THAT GREAT TAPESTRY THATREACHES THE PRESENT.
00:31:15.061 --> 00:31:18.397
TWENTY YEARS AFTERCATHERINE DIES,
00:31:18.464 --> 00:31:22.902
GUTENBERG IS BORN.
00:31:22.969 --> 00:31:27.173
SO IT'S FITTING THAT ONEOF THE MOST IMPORTANT
00:31:27.239 --> 00:31:29.642
INVENTIONS IN ALL OFHISTORY THAT CHANGED THE
00:31:29.709 --> 00:31:33.412
WORLD AND WOULDAFFECT LUTHER AND THE
00:31:33.479 --> 00:31:35.581
REFORMATION AND THEACCESS TO THOUGHTS
00:31:35.648 --> 00:31:37.616
THROUGH THE PRINTEDPAGE STARTED WITH
00:31:37.683 --> 00:31:39.852
THE PRINTED WORD OFTHE VERY GOD THAT
00:31:39.919 --> 00:31:43.322
SHE GAVE HER LIFE TO.
00:31:43.389 --> 00:31:45.591
- ONE OF THE MOSTREVOLUTIONARY INVENTIONS
00:31:45.658 --> 00:31:47.326
IN HISTORY, GUTENBERG'SPRESS, USHERED IN A NEW ERA.
00:31:47.393 --> 00:31:52.565
- GUTENBERG, WE KNOWNOTHING ABOUT HIS RELIGION.
00:31:52.631 --> 00:31:55.234
WE KNOW HE WAS A PRINTER.
00:31:55.301 --> 00:31:57.203
HE HAD INVENTEDMOVABLE TYPE.
00:31:57.269 --> 00:32:01.007
HE KNEW HOW TO PRINT,AND HE HAD BEEN IN THE
00:32:01.073 --> 00:32:04.543
BUSINESS OF PRINTINGPAPAL INDULGENCES BECAUSE
00:32:04.610 --> 00:32:07.480
GOOD BUSINESS YOU COULDSET THEM UP, THEY'RE A
00:32:07.546 --> 00:32:10.483
PAGE LONG, YOU CAN SELLTHEM FOR A GOOD PRICE.
00:32:10.549 --> 00:32:13.719
AND THEN THE PROSPECT OFA BIBLE AROSE, SO THE
00:32:13.786 --> 00:32:19.792
TECHNOLOGY HE USED WHICHWAS BASED ON THE WINE
00:32:19.859 --> 00:32:23.129
PRESS OR THE OLIVE PRESS,IT'S AN ADAPTION OF THAT,
00:32:23.195 --> 00:32:27.066
ENABLED HIM TO PRINTAN ENTIRE VULGATE.
00:32:27.133 --> 00:32:31.637
AND THE FIRST WASVERY EXPENSIVE.
00:32:31.704 --> 00:32:35.808
HE WENT BROKE AND ALL THEREST OF IT, BUT HE SHOWED
00:32:35.875 --> 00:32:41.447
THAT IT COULD BE DONE.
00:32:41.514 --> 00:32:43.382
AND NOT A LOT HAPPENEDUNTIL THE TECHNOLOGY GOT
00:32:43.449 --> 00:32:48.187
CHEAPER, BECAUSE THEFIRST TIME IT COST THE
00:32:48.254 --> 00:32:51.424
EARTH, THEN THEY STARTEDPRINTING SMALLER BOOKS,
00:32:51.490 --> 00:32:54.126
AND WHEN THEREFORMERS CAME ALONG,
00:32:54.193 --> 00:32:56.862
THEY SAW THEIR CHANCE.
00:32:56.929 --> 00:32:58.831
THEY SAW THAT THEY COULDDO VERNACULAR BIBLES,
00:32:58.898 --> 00:33:02.435
AND ONCE YOU GET INTOVERNACULAR BIBLES,
00:33:02.501 --> 00:33:05.071
YOU CAN PRINT TENS OFTHOUSANDS OF THEM USING
00:33:05.137 --> 00:33:07.173
HIS TECHNOLOGY, BUT ITWAS THAT BIBLE THAT
00:33:07.239 --> 00:33:09.608
OPENED THE DOOR TO THEREFORMATION, WHICH HE
00:33:09.675 --> 00:33:12.645
DIED LONG BEFOREIT STARTED.
00:33:12.711 --> 00:33:15.481
- WILLIAM TYNDALE, AYOUNG STUDENT OF THEOLOGY
00:33:15.548 --> 00:33:17.516
AT OXFORD, PROPOSED WHATMANY BELIEVED TO BE THE
00:33:17.583 --> 00:33:20.286
GREATEST THREAT IN THEHISTORY OF THE CHURCH, A
00:33:20.352 --> 00:33:22.488
SERIES OF EUROPEANREFORMATIONS, HIS DREAM
00:33:22.555 --> 00:33:25.124
OF TRANSLATING THE BIBLEINTO ENGLISH, A DREAM
00:33:25.191 --> 00:33:27.560
OPPOSED BY BOTH KINGHENRY THE EIGHTH AND
00:33:27.626 --> 00:33:30.029
CHURCH LAW, PAVED THE WAYFOR LUTHER, CALVIN AND KNOX.
00:33:30.096 --> 00:33:34.366
- WILLIAM TYNDALE WASBORN ON THE BORDERS OF
00:33:34.433 --> 00:33:36.936
WALES, POSSIBLY IN MODERNDAY GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
00:33:37.002 --> 00:33:40.573
HE CAME UP HERE TO OXFORDAS A THEOLOGICAL STUDENT
00:33:40.639 --> 00:33:46.979
BUT WAS REALLY FRUSTRATEDBY THE LACK OF ENGAGEMENT
00:33:47.046 --> 00:33:52.251
WITH THE SCRIPTURES INTHE THEOLOGICAL TRAINING
00:33:52.318 --> 00:33:54.720
COURSES AT OXFORDIN THOSE DAYS.
00:33:54.787 --> 00:33:57.223
SO HE MIGRATED FROMOXFORD UP TO CAMBRIDGE,
00:33:57.289 --> 00:34:00.126
BUT HE HAD THISPARTICULAR DESIRE TO GET
00:34:00.192 --> 00:34:02.761
THE BIBLE INTO THELANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE,
00:34:02.828 --> 00:34:06.265
LANGUAGES THAT WEREACTUALLY SPOKEN.
00:34:06.332 --> 00:34:09.101
NOT JUST FROM LATIN INTOENGLISH BUT ACTUALLY FROM
00:34:09.168 --> 00:34:13.706
HEBREW AND GREEK, THEORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF THE
00:34:13.772 --> 00:34:15.808
SCRIPTURES INTO ENGLISH.
00:34:15.875 --> 00:34:17.710
SO A VERY NOVELTHING TO DO.
00:34:17.776 --> 00:34:20.146
AND ONE OF THE CHURCHMENAT THE TIME SAID TO HIM,
00:34:20.212 --> 00:34:23.582
YOU'RE WASTING YOUREFFORTS. WHY BOTHER?
00:34:23.649 --> 00:34:28.187
AND TYNDALE ANNOUNCED...
00:34:28.254 --> 00:34:30.756
BIBLE TRANSLATION IN ENGLANDWAS ILLEGAL IN TYNDALE'S DAY,
00:34:50.643 --> 00:34:54.547
SO HE HAS TO GO TO THECONTINENT AND SET UP HIS
00:34:54.613 --> 00:34:58.984
PRINTING PRESS THERE.
00:34:59.051 --> 00:35:01.720
- HE WENT TO HAMBURG,GERMANY IN 1524, AND THEN
00:35:01.787 --> 00:35:04.623
WITTENBERG WHERE MARTINLUTHER HAD CONFRONTED THE
00:35:04.690 --> 00:35:07.026
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
00:35:07.092 --> 00:35:09.195
TYNDALE WROTE TO HISFRIEND JOHN FRITH OF HOW
00:35:09.261 --> 00:35:11.530
CAREFULLY AND DILIGENTLY HETREATED THIS RESPONSIBILITY.
00:35:11.597 --> 00:35:15.100
AND TYNDALE'S NEWTESTAMENT ARRIVES ON THE
00:35:35.287 --> 00:35:38.257
SHORES 1526, THE FIRSTNEW TESTAMENT TRANSLATED
00:35:38.324 --> 00:35:43.462
FROM THE GREEK INTOENGLISH, NOT AS YOU WOULD
00:35:43.529 --> 00:35:45.631
GET A PULPIT BIBLE, GIANTBIBLES, BUT DELIBERATELY
00:35:45.698 --> 00:35:49.568
TINY LITTLE BIBLES, THINPAPER, SMALL PRINT,
00:35:49.635 --> 00:35:53.138
DESIGNED FOR SMUGGLING.
00:35:53.205 --> 00:35:55.574
- TYNDALE SPENT THE RESTOF HIS LIFE FIGHTING TO
00:35:55.641 --> 00:35:58.143
BRING THE BIBLE TO HISPEOPLE AND EVENTUALLY
00:35:58.210 --> 00:36:00.646
GAVE HIS LIFEFOR THE CAUSE.
00:36:00.713 --> 00:36:04.116
- TYNDALE WAS WORKING INTHE SPANISH NETHERLANDS,
00:36:04.183 --> 00:36:07.119
WHICH WAS A CATHOLICNATION AT THAT POINT,
00:36:07.186 --> 00:36:13.058
AND HE WAS BETRAYEDBY A FALSE FRIEND.
00:36:13.125 --> 00:36:16.428
HE INFILTRATED TYNDALE'SCIRCLE, BETRAYED HIM FOR
00:36:16.495 --> 00:36:18.998
THE AUTHORITIES, AND HEWAS EXECUTED OUTSIDE
00:36:19.064 --> 00:36:23.002
BRUSSELS, FIRST GARROTEDAT THE STAKE, AND THEN
00:36:23.068 --> 00:36:27.439
WHEN HE DIED HISBODY WAS BURNED.
00:36:27.506 --> 00:36:30.242
WE KNOW VERY LITTLEABOUT THE DETAILS OF HIS
00:36:30.309 --> 00:36:31.844
MARTYRDOM BECAUSE ITWASN'T IN ENGLAND.
00:36:31.910 --> 00:36:34.980
THERE WEREN'T MANYENGLISH WITNESSES TO IT,
00:36:35.047 --> 00:36:36.949
BUT THERE IS ONE LINE INFOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS OF
00:36:37.016 --> 00:36:40.919
TYNDALE'S FINAL WORDSWHICH WERE A PRAYER.
00:36:40.986 --> 00:36:44.256
AND JUST A FEW YEARSLATER, REMARKABLY
00:36:48.894 --> 00:36:50.829
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS.
00:36:50.896 --> 00:36:52.831
- THERE WERE A SERIESOF REFORMATIONS AROUND
00:36:52.898 --> 00:36:55.734
EUROPE AND THEY WEREN'TALL THE SAME, BUT THE
00:36:55.801 --> 00:36:59.204
THING THEY HAD INCOMMON WAS A CHALLENGE
00:36:59.271 --> 00:37:03.075
TO PAPAL AUTHORITY.
00:37:03.142 --> 00:37:06.478
SO IN GERMANY FOREXAMPLE, LUTHER RESENTED
00:37:06.545 --> 00:37:11.050
THE POWER OF THE PAPACY,HE RESENTED THE POWER OF
00:37:11.116 --> 00:37:16.422
THE BISHOPS, AND IN ENGLANDHENRY THE EIGHTH
00:37:16.488 --> 00:37:22.428
FOR POLITICAL REASONS, HEWISHED TO INCREASE HIS
00:37:22.494 --> 00:37:26.532
ROYAL POWERS, ALSORESENTED THE PAPACY.
00:37:26.598 --> 00:37:29.601
HE WANTED TO BETHE ENGLISH POPE.
00:37:29.668 --> 00:37:31.437
- HENRY THE EIGHTH INAN ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH
00:37:31.503 --> 00:37:37.076
HIMSELF AS THE LEADER OFENGLAND DURING A TIME OF
00:37:37.142 --> 00:37:41.080
REBELLIOUS THAT HESELF-IMPOSED, HE WOULD
00:37:41.146 --> 00:37:44.883
CHANGE HIS RELIGIOUSPOSITIONS, ALTHOUGH FOR
00:37:44.950 --> 00:37:47.786
YEARS HENRY THE EIGHTHPERSECUTED AND DIDN'T
00:37:47.853 --> 00:37:55.494
TOLERATE PEOPLE THATDIFFERED FROM HIS
00:37:55.561 --> 00:37:57.696
RELIGIOUS VIEWS,ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO WERE
00:37:57.763 --> 00:38:01.767
INSISTING ON THEENGLISH BIBLE.
00:38:01.834 --> 00:38:04.703
HE WOULD ALSO BE ONE TOMANDATE THAT THE BIBLE BE
00:38:04.770 --> 00:38:08.107
PUT IN ENGLISH IN THEFRONT OF ALL THE CHURCHES
00:38:08.173 --> 00:38:12.344
AND AN ENGLISH BIBLE THATBENEFITED FROM THE WORKS
00:38:12.411 --> 00:38:15.481
OF SOME OF THE VERY PEOPLETHAT HE HAD PERSECUTED.
00:38:15.547 --> 00:38:19.318
- MUCH OF TYNDALE'STRANSLATION IS AUTHORIZED
00:38:19.385 --> 00:38:22.855
BY THE KING FORDISTRIBUTION IN EVERY
00:38:22.921 --> 00:38:24.790
PARISH CHURCH IN THECOUNTRY, PERHAPS PART OF
00:38:24.857 --> 00:38:27.559
AN ANSWER TO TYNDALE'SDYING PRAYER.
00:38:27.626 --> 00:38:30.863
- HIS TRANSLATIONS SETTHE TONE FOR ALL ENGLISH
00:38:30.929 --> 00:38:36.068
TRANSLATIONS UP TOTHE PRESENT DAY.
00:38:36.135 --> 00:38:39.004
THEY'RE ALL -- THE WAY APASSAGE FEELS, IF YOU READ
00:38:39.071 --> 00:38:44.543
AN ENGLISH BIBLE,IS TYNDALE.
00:38:44.610 --> 00:38:47.546
THE VOCABULARY, THE SENTENCELENGTH, MANY OF THE
00:38:47.613 --> 00:38:51.316
EXPRESSIONS COMEDIRECTLY FROM TYNDALE.
00:38:51.383 --> 00:38:55.020
HE'S UNDOUBTEDLY THEGREATEST TRANSLATOR IN THE
00:38:55.087 --> 00:38:59.191
HISTORY OF ENGLISH.
00:38:59.258 --> 00:39:00.726
- TYNDALE'S WORK WOULDCHANGE THE COURSE OF
00:39:00.793 --> 00:39:02.861
CHRISTIANITY.
00:39:02.928 --> 00:39:04.296
NO LONGER WITH THESCRIPTURES BE CHAINED TO
00:39:04.363 --> 00:39:07.232
PULPITS BUT PLACED IN THEHANDS OF THE PEOPLE, IN
00:39:07.299 --> 00:39:10.035
THEIR HOME, INTHEIR LANGUAGE.
00:39:10.102 --> 00:39:12.771
AND NOW, NEARLY FIVECENTURIES LATER, WE HAVE
00:39:12.838 --> 00:39:16.475
MORE THAN 900 ENGLISHTRANSLATIONS OF THE NEW
00:39:16.542 --> 00:39:18.844
TESTAMENT.
00:39:18.911 --> 00:39:20.846
LITTLE DID TYNDALE KNOW THATHIS SACRIFICE WOULD LEAD TO
00:39:20.913 --> 00:39:23.482
SUCH A LEGACY.
00:39:23.549 --> 00:39:25.451
HIS FINAL PRAYER MOMENTSBEFORE HIS DEATH WASN'T FOR
00:39:25.517 --> 00:39:28.921
HIS OWN SAKE, BUT FOR THEHEART OF HENRY THE 8TH.
00:39:28.987 --> 00:39:31.757
IT WAS A PLEA THAT ANOTHERRADICAL REFORMER HAD BEEN
00:39:31.824 --> 00:39:34.993
PRAYING FOR HIS OWN PEOPLE,A GERMAN MONK
00:39:35.060 --> 00:39:37.629
NAMED MARTIN LUTHER.
00:39:37.696 --> 00:39:39.565
- THE 16TH CENTURYREFORMATION OF COURSE HAD
00:39:39.631 --> 00:39:42.901
ORIGINS, AND IT ISN'T GOODENOUGH TO SAY THAT ITS
00:39:42.968 --> 00:39:46.672
ORIGIN WAS THE FACT THATTHE CHURCH WAS CORRUPT AND
00:39:46.738 --> 00:39:49.741
NEEDED TO BE REFORMED.
00:39:49.808 --> 00:39:51.610
YOU NEED TO SEE THE FEWGENERATIONS BEFORE LUTHER AS
00:39:51.677 --> 00:39:57.516
A TIME OF EXTRAORDINARYSPIRITUAL INTENSITY.
00:39:57.583 --> 00:40:01.019
THE CHURCH WAS NOT,IN NO SENSE, IN DECAY.
00:40:01.086 --> 00:40:03.722
AND SO SOMEONE LIKE LUTHERWAS COMING INTO A SITUATION
00:40:03.789 --> 00:40:07.759
WHERE EVERYONE WAS EXPECTINGSOMETHING TO HAPPEN.
00:40:07.826 --> 00:40:10.996
THE ATMOSPHERE OF CRISIS INEUROPE WAS ALREADY THERE
00:40:11.063 --> 00:40:17.369
BECAUSE EUROPE WAS BEINGPRESSED ON BY THE ISLAMIC
00:40:17.436 --> 00:40:20.906
MONARCHY, THE OTTOMAN TURKS.
00:40:20.973 --> 00:40:23.141
IT LOOKED AS IF THEWORLD MIGHT END.
00:40:23.208 --> 00:40:25.544
- 1454 WAS THEPRINTING AT GUTENBERG.
00:40:25.611 --> 00:40:28.714
1453 IS THE FALL OFCONSTANTINOPLE TO
00:40:28.780 --> 00:40:32.084
THE OTTOMANS.
00:40:32.150 --> 00:40:34.653
AND SO FOR ALL OF THESEYEARS, IT SERVED AS A
00:40:34.720 --> 00:40:37.222
BEACON, AS A STRONGHOLD.
00:40:37.289 --> 00:40:39.491
IT SEEMED IMPREGNABLE, ACHRISTIAN STRONGHOLD IN THE
00:40:39.558 --> 00:40:43.161
EAST AND, AT ONE TIME,THE SEAT OF POWER
00:40:43.228 --> 00:40:45.731
FOR CHRISTENDOM.
00:40:45.797 --> 00:40:47.332
- IT FELL THE YEAR BEFORETHE VERY INSTRUMENT WAS BORN
00:40:47.399 --> 00:40:52.337
THAT HELPED LUTHERSPREAD HIS GOSPEL.
00:40:52.404 --> 00:40:54.907
- YOU'D BE LOOKING FORSOMEONE WHO WAS THE PROPHET
00:40:54.973 --> 00:40:57.376
OF ISLAM, THE LAST DAYS.
00:40:57.442 --> 00:40:59.211
MANY WOULD LOOK TO THE POPE,BUT POPES REALLY WEREN'T UP
00:40:59.278 --> 00:41:02.314
TO THE JOB, WHEREAS THISRATHER UNEXPECTED, RANDOM,
00:41:02.381 --> 00:41:06.451
SURPRISING UNIVERSITYLECTURER, ON THE FRINGES OF
00:41:06.518 --> 00:41:10.222
GERMANY, HAD A MESSAGE WHICHCLEARLY RESONATED WITH
00:41:10.289 --> 00:41:13.859
PEOPLE BECAUSE IT WAS ABOUTTHE MOST IMPORTANT THING
00:41:13.926 --> 00:41:16.628
THEY HAD TO THINKABOUT, DEATH.
00:41:16.695 --> 00:41:20.132
- AND THAT'S WHERE HESTUDYING SCRIPTURE, AND
00:41:20.198 --> 00:41:22.968
THERE COMES A FAMOUS EPISODEOF HIS READING OF ROMANS
00:41:23.035 --> 00:41:25.304
1:17 ABOUT THE JUST WILLLIVE BY FAITH AND SO ON.
00:41:25.370 --> 00:41:29.007
WE USED TO GET THEIMPRESSION THAT HE WAS JUST
00:41:29.074 --> 00:41:32.344
READING, OH, LOOKWHAT I FOUND.
00:41:32.411 --> 00:41:33.912
BUT HE STRUGGLED WITH IT.
00:41:33.979 --> 00:41:35.547
IT WAS A LONG STRUGGLE,THE WAY HE SAYS IT.
00:41:35.614 --> 00:41:37.249
AND YOU CAN SEE THATSTRUGGLE IN LECTURES THAT
00:41:37.316 --> 00:41:40.085
HE'S GIVEN AT THAT TIME, BUTEVENTUALLY, HE COMES TO THE
00:41:40.152 --> 00:41:43.055
CONCLUSION THAT BEING JUSTDOESN'T MEAN BEING JUST.
00:41:43.121 --> 00:41:48.961
BEING JUST MEANS BEINGDECLARED JUST BY GOD.
00:41:49.027 --> 00:41:52.331
- AND LUTHER SAID TO THEM,AS AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO HAD
00:41:52.397 --> 00:41:57.869
SAID A THOUSAND YEARSBEFORE, YOU CAN DO NOTHING
00:41:57.936 --> 00:42:02.107
ABOUT YOUR AFTERLIFE.
00:42:02.174 --> 00:42:04.042
YOU CANNOT DECIDE YOUR FATE.
00:42:04.109 --> 00:42:05.911
IT IS IN THE HANDS OF GOD.
00:42:05.978 --> 00:42:07.746
NOW, THE PROBLEM WAS THATTHE CHURCH HAD DRIFTED AWAY
00:42:07.813 --> 00:42:12.951
FROM THIS AUGUSTINIANTEACHING TO GIVE PEOPLE THE
00:42:13.018 --> 00:42:16.054
IMPRESSION THEY COULDDO THINGS ABOUT THEIR
00:42:16.121 --> 00:42:18.523
AFTERLIFE. THEY COULDSAY PRAYERS.
00:42:18.590 --> 00:42:22.494
THEY COULD ALSO BUY PRAYERSFROM OTHER PEOPLE, WHICH
00:42:22.561 --> 00:42:25.530
WOULD INFLUENCE THE DECISIONOF GOD IN THE AFTERLIFE.
00:42:25.597 --> 00:42:28.433
LUTHER THOUGHT THIS WAS ACHEAT, AND, IN FACT, IT JUST
00:42:28.500 --> 00:42:31.770
DOESN'T ACCORD WITH EITHERTHE MESSAGE IN PAUL'S
00:42:31.837 --> 00:42:36.408
EPISTLES TO THEROMANS AND GALATIANS.
00:42:36.475 --> 00:42:39.177
IT DOESN'T ACCORD WITHTHIS GREAT WESTERN LATIN
00:42:39.244 --> 00:42:42.114
THEOLOGIAN AUGUSTINE EITHER.
00:42:42.180 --> 00:42:43.982
AND IN MANY WAYS, ALL LUTHERDID WAS TO REPEAT WHAT
00:42:44.049 --> 00:42:47.085
AUGUSTINE HAD SAID BEFORE,AND IT SOUNDED STARTLINGLY
00:42:47.152 --> 00:42:51.256
NOVEL BECAUSE PEOPLE HADNOT UNDERSTOOD IT
00:42:51.323 --> 00:42:53.525
OR HAD FORGOTTEN IT.
00:42:53.592 --> 00:42:55.093
- BUT IT CAME TO A HEADWHEN THE MAGNIFICENT DOME
00:43:06.104 --> 00:43:11.476
ON SAINT PETER'SBASILICA IN ROME.
00:43:11.543 --> 00:43:14.079
THE PROBLEM WAS PAYING FORIT, SO A DEAL WAS STRUCK.
00:43:14.146 --> 00:43:18.216
INDULGENCES WERE BEING SOLDIN GERMANY, AND WHERE THE
00:43:18.283 --> 00:43:23.221
PAPACY GOT A CUT SO THEYCOULD BUILD THE DOME.
00:43:23.288 --> 00:43:25.857
I LIKE THE DOME.
00:43:25.924 --> 00:43:27.693
- AND THE INTERESTING THINGIS THAT PEOPLE DON'T USUALLY
00:43:27.759 --> 00:43:32.130
REALIZE THE PRICE THATTHE CATHOLIC CHURCH PAID FOR
00:43:32.197 --> 00:43:35.333
SAINT PETER'S ISTHE REFORMATION.
00:43:35.400 --> 00:43:38.003
- LUTHER WAS GETTING VERYANGRY ABOUT WHAT HE SAW AS
00:43:38.070 --> 00:43:40.772
ABUSES OF THE DOCTRINE OFTHE AFTER LIFE, AND HE
00:43:40.839 --> 00:43:43.642
WANTED TO SPREAD HISMESSAGE, WHICH HE REGARDED
00:43:43.709 --> 00:43:48.213
AS GOOD NEWS, THAT YOU AND ICAN DO NOTHING, BUT WHAT WE
00:43:48.280 --> 00:43:51.750
CAN DO IS RELY ON GODWHO CAN DO EVERYTHING.
00:43:51.817 --> 00:43:56.722
- THIS GOOD NEWS TELLS USHOW GOD MAKES US
00:43:56.788 --> 00:43:58.790
RIGHT IN HIS SIGHT.
00:43:58.857 --> 00:44:00.625
THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED FROMSTART TO FINISH BY FAITH.
00:44:00.692 --> 00:44:04.096
AS THE SCRIPTURES SAY, ITIS THROUGH FAITH THAT A
00:44:04.162 --> 00:44:07.466
RIGHTEOUS PERSON HAS LIFE.
00:44:07.532 --> 00:44:09.568
- WHAT HE CERTAINLY DIDDO WAS PUBLICIZE THESE 95
00:44:09.634 --> 00:44:12.871
THESES REMARKABLY QUICKLY.
00:44:12.938 --> 00:44:14.840
GO AND SAY LOOK AT THE DOORWHICH SUCCEEDED THE DOOR,
00:44:14.906 --> 00:44:18.443
AND IT'S A GOOD SYMBOL OF WHATTURNED OUT
00:44:18.510 --> 00:44:21.713
TO BE A REVOLUTION.
00:44:21.780 --> 00:44:23.548
- WHILE THE REFORMATIONDISRUPTED THE KNOWN CHURCH,
00:44:23.615 --> 00:44:26.017
IN SPAIN, ANOTHER MONARCHHAD THREATENED THE
00:44:26.084 --> 00:44:29.020
ESTABLISHED THINKING INA VERY DIFFERENT WAY.
00:44:29.087 --> 00:44:32.424
ISABELLA OF CASTILLEWAS NOT ONE TO SETTLE.
00:44:32.491 --> 00:44:36.762
DESPITE BEING A WOMAN ANDTHIRD IN LINE TO THE THRONE,
00:44:36.828 --> 00:44:40.398
SHE REFUSED TO PLAY ALONGWITH SOCIETY'S RULES.
00:44:40.465 --> 00:44:43.802
INSTEAD, SHE CHOSE TO FOCUSHER EFFORTS ON EDUCATION,
00:44:43.869 --> 00:44:48.406
AND IN DOING SO, WOULDPROVOKE AN ACADEMIC
00:44:48.473 --> 00:44:51.176
REVOLUTION AND SET ANEW STANDARD
00:44:51.243 --> 00:44:53.812
FOR FEMALE MONARCHS.
00:44:53.879 --> 00:44:55.747
AS SHE SAW IT, WOMEN WEREJUST AS FIT TO RULE AS MEN,
00:44:55.814 --> 00:44:58.817
AND SHE WOULD PROVE THIS TOBE TRUE SOON AFTER MARRYING
00:44:58.884 --> 00:45:03.488
FERDINAND THE SECONDOF ARAGON IN 1469.
00:45:03.555 --> 00:45:07.959
- ISABELLA THE FIRST OFCASTILLE, CASTILLE IS THE
00:45:08.026 --> 00:45:12.130
MAJOR PART OF THE LAND OFSPAIN THAT IS SPAIN TODAY,
00:45:12.197 --> 00:45:15.333
AND SHE MARRIED FERDINANDTHE SECOND, WHO WAS OVER THE
00:45:15.400 --> 00:45:18.870
TERRITORY OF ARAGON.
00:45:18.937 --> 00:45:20.972
AND TOGETHER, THE POPEDUBBED THEM THE
00:45:21.039 --> 00:45:23.575
CATHOLIC MONARCHS.
00:45:23.642 --> 00:45:25.477
SO EVEN THOUGH THERE WEREUNIQUE RELATIONS, THEY WERE
00:45:25.544 --> 00:45:29.047
DEVOUTLY CATHOLIC.
00:45:29.114 --> 00:45:30.982
JUST AS THE GUTENBERG PRESSHELPED IT PERPETUATE THE
00:45:31.049 --> 00:45:36.321
TEACHINGS OR THE THOUGHTS OFCATHERINE OF SIENNA TO HER
00:45:36.388 --> 00:45:40.492
WORLD AND THEN BEYOND, WEHAVE THE SAME THING THROUGH
00:45:40.559 --> 00:45:44.529
GUTENBERG WITH THE LIFE ANDTHE RULE OF ISABELLA THE
00:45:44.596 --> 00:45:48.633
FIRST, PERHAPS ONE OF THEMOST FAMOUS OF THE MONARCHS
00:45:48.700 --> 00:45:52.037
OF HER TIME AND A WOMANMONARCH WHO STARTED A
00:45:52.103 --> 00:45:55.340
REVOLUTION IN A LOT OF WAYS.
00:45:55.407 --> 00:45:58.109
SHE HAD FOUR DAUGHTERS AND ASON, AND SHE WAS DETERMINED
00:45:58.176 --> 00:46:02.347
THAT HER DAUGHTERSESPECIALLY WOULD BE EDUCATED
00:46:02.414 --> 00:46:07.285
BECAUSE SHE WAS FRUSTRATEDABOUT HER OWN UPBRINGING.
00:46:07.352 --> 00:46:09.721
AND SHE WAS ESPECIALLYCONCERNED THAT HER DAUGHTERS
00:46:09.788 --> 00:46:13.258
LEARN LATIN, A NECESSARYLANGUAGE FOR THE EDUCATED
00:46:13.325 --> 00:46:17.829
CLASS AND FOR CERTAIN POSTS.
00:46:17.896 --> 00:46:20.498
AND AS HISTORY TELLS US, THEINTEREST IN EDUCATING HER
00:46:20.565 --> 00:46:24.069
DAUGHTERS CERTAINLYDIDN'T GO IN VAIN.
00:46:24.135 --> 00:46:27.606
CATHERINE OF ARAGON BECAMEHENRY THE 8TH'S FIRST
00:46:27.672 --> 00:46:30.342
WIFE AND BELOVEDQUEEN OF ENGLAND.
00:46:30.408 --> 00:46:32.978
MARY TUDOR, THEGRANDDAUGHTER OF ISABELLA,
00:46:33.044 --> 00:46:37.649
IT WAS A REIGN WHERE SHE WASTRYING TO REESTABLISH THE
00:46:37.716 --> 00:46:41.119
CATHOLIC FOUNDATIONS, ANDHAD SHE LIVED AS LONG AS HER
00:46:41.186 --> 00:46:45.690
SISTER ELIZABETH, WE'DHAVE A DIFFERENT ENGLAND.
00:46:45.757 --> 00:46:49.194
BUT THAT CATHOLICSTINT WAS SHORT LIVED.
00:46:49.261 --> 00:46:52.631
AFTER MARY DIED, HER SISTER,ELIZABETH, WOULD
00:46:52.697 --> 00:46:56.668
RULE FROM 1558 TO 1603.
00:46:56.735 --> 00:47:00.906
SHE DEVELOPED THEGREAT COMPROMISE.
00:47:00.972 --> 00:47:04.276
IT'S NOT A NEGATIVE THING.
00:47:04.342 --> 00:47:06.378
IT WAS A POSITIVE WHERE SHEWANTED ONE CHURCH, AND SHE
00:47:06.444 --> 00:47:10.148
WANTED IT DEVELOPED WHEREPEOPLE OF DIFFERENT
00:47:10.215 --> 00:47:14.286
TRADITIONS COULDFEEL WELCOME.
00:47:14.352 --> 00:47:16.955
AND IT CEMENTEDENGLAND AS A PEOPLE.
00:47:17.022 --> 00:47:21.860
AND THROUGHOUT THIS TIME,FERDINAND AND ISABELLA ALSO
00:47:21.927 --> 00:47:26.564
STRUGGLED WITH THE REMNANTSOF THE MUSLIM
00:47:26.631 --> 00:47:30.135
OUT POST IN GRANADA.
00:47:30.201 --> 00:47:32.304
AND FINALLY IN1492, THEY TOOK IT.
00:47:32.370 --> 00:47:37.842
DIDN'T END IMMEDIATE ISSUES,BUT IT RESOLVED A LOT
00:47:37.909 --> 00:47:42.447
OF THE TENSION AND ALOT OF THE FEAR.
00:47:42.514 --> 00:47:45.884
BECAUSE OF SOME UP RISINGSTHAT STILL TOOK PLACE IN
00:47:45.951 --> 00:47:49.754
GRANADA, THEY ISSUED THEEDICT OF EXPULSION
00:47:49.821 --> 00:47:53.191
THAT SAME YEAR.
00:47:53.258 --> 00:47:54.993
- TOGETHER, THEY UNITEDSPAIN AND RECLAIMED IBERIA
00:47:55.060 --> 00:47:58.630
IN THE NAME OF THE CROWN OFCASTILLE AND
00:47:58.697 --> 00:48:01.466
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
00:48:01.533 --> 00:48:03.101
BUT AS ISABELLA GREW MOREZEALOUS IN HER FAITH, SO DID
00:48:03.168 --> 00:48:07.238
HER THEORY TOWARD ANYONESHE DEEMED A HERETIC.
00:48:07.305 --> 00:48:10.075
UNDER HER REGIME, SPAINWOULD FACE THE MOST
00:48:10.141 --> 00:48:12.744
SUCCESSFUL AND MASSCONVERSION IN HISTORY, THE
00:48:12.811 --> 00:48:15.847
SPANISH INQUISITION.
00:48:15.914 --> 00:48:19.084
- THE EDICT OF EXPULSIONHAS A PRETTY THORNY SIDE TO IT.
00:48:19.150 --> 00:48:23.355
WELL, THERE WERE JEWS ANDMUSLIMS STILL LIVING THERE,
00:48:23.421 --> 00:48:28.727
AND THE SPANISH INQUISITIONWAS STARTED IN THE 70S, AND
00:48:28.793 --> 00:48:34.632
IT BECAME FULL FORCE HEREBECAUSE THEY WANTED TO
00:48:34.699 --> 00:48:38.503
REMOVE THE JEWS AND THEMUSLIMS IF THEY DIDN'T CONVERT.
00:48:38.570 --> 00:48:44.009
SO THEY COULD STILL PRACTICETHEIR BELIEF UP UNTIL THAT
00:48:44.075 --> 00:48:48.246
POINT, BUT THENTHEY HAD TO LEAVE.
00:48:48.313 --> 00:48:50.515
AND WE KNOW THAT THE RECORDSAY THAT BETWEEN 87.000 AND
00:48:50.582 --> 00:48:55.453
150.000 PEOPLE WOULD BETRADE DURING THOSE REAL
00:48:55.520 --> 00:48:59.657
HEAVY YEARS OFTHE INQUISITION.
00:48:59.724 --> 00:49:02.093
A LOT OF IT HAPPENED RIGHTAFTER THE FALL OF GRANADA.
00:49:02.160 --> 00:49:06.164
- WE'LL COME BACK TOFERDINAND AND ISABELLA
00:49:06.231 --> 00:49:08.066
SHORTLY, BUT FIRST I WANTYOU TO MEET ONE OF THE MOST
00:49:08.133 --> 00:49:10.702
FAMOUS FIGURES IN SPANISHHISTORY, A WOMAN WHOSE LIFE
00:49:10.769 --> 00:49:13.605
WAS DEEPLY AFFECTED BY THEINQUISITION, TERESA OF AVILA.
00:49:13.671 --> 00:49:18.877
- TERESA IS AN INTERESTINGSTORY FOR MANY REASONS.
00:49:18.943 --> 00:49:22.280
HER GRANDFATHER WAS A JEWWHO WAS BAPTIZED, AND THE
00:49:22.347 --> 00:49:28.386
FAMILY LIVED IN TOLEDO, ANDIT WAS DISCOVERED THAT HE
00:49:28.453 --> 00:49:32.724
WAS STILLPRACTICING JUDAISM.
00:49:32.791 --> 00:49:35.093
AND SO HE WAS FORCED TOBE PENITENT AND TO GO TO
00:49:35.160 --> 00:49:39.731
SEVERAL CHURCHES ON HISKNEES AND WEARING A THING
00:49:39.798 --> 00:49:43.234
THAT HAS THE CROSS ON IT.
00:49:43.301 --> 00:49:45.770
AND HE WAS SO HUMILIATEDTHAT AFTER HE WAS RESTORED
00:49:45.837 --> 00:49:50.542
TO THE CHURCH, THEY LEFTTOLEDO AND MOVED TO AVILA.
00:49:50.608 --> 00:49:56.114
WHERE THEY MOVED IN THE CITYWAS AT THE VERY EDGE OF THE
00:49:56.181 --> 00:49:59.217
FORMER JEWISH BORDER, BUT BYTHE TIME TERESA WAS BORN,
00:49:59.284 --> 00:50:04.089
SHE WAS A DEVOUT CATHOLIC,AND I THINK THE JEWISH
00:50:04.155 --> 00:50:09.194
BACKGROUND WAS PUSHED BACK,BUT I DON'T THINK IT WAS
00:50:09.260 --> 00:50:14.699
THERE IN THE FAMILY ANYMORE.
00:50:14.766 --> 00:50:17.502
BUT IT DID MEAN THAT SHEWAS ALWAYS UNDER A CLOUD.
00:50:17.569 --> 00:50:22.574
HER WRITINGS WERE ALWAYS BEEXAMINED BY THE INQUISITION.
00:50:22.640 --> 00:50:28.480
HER MOTHER DIED WHILE SHEWAS I YOUNG GIRL, PROBABLY
00:50:28.546 --> 00:50:31.983
10 OR 11, WHENHER MOTHER DIED.
00:50:32.050 --> 00:50:34.486
HER MOTHER WAS MUCH YOUNGERTHAN HER FATHER, AND TERESA
00:50:34.552 --> 00:50:39.624
REALLY FELT BEREFTWHEN HER MOTHER DIED.
00:50:39.691 --> 00:50:43.027
SHE RAN TO THE CATHEDRAL ANDKNELT BEFORE THE STATUE OF
00:50:43.094 --> 00:50:47.098
MARY AND ASKED MARYTO BE HER MOTHER.
00:50:47.165 --> 00:50:50.401
AND SHE DECIDED THAT SHEREALLY WANTED TO BE A NUN,
00:50:50.468 --> 00:50:53.238
AND SO SHE RAN AWAY FROMHOME, WHICH WASN'T FAR.
00:50:53.304 --> 00:50:55.807
I THINK SHE HADTO WALK A MILE.
00:50:55.874 --> 00:50:57.942
I THINK HER BROTHER, ONE OFHER BROTHERS ACCOMPANIED
00:50:58.009 --> 00:51:00.512
HER, TO THE MONASTERY OF THEINCARNATION, AND A CARMELITE
00:51:00.578 --> 00:51:04.816
CONVENT IN AVILA.
00:51:04.883 --> 00:51:08.353
HER FATHER WAS VERY MUCHOPPOSED TO HER BEING A NUN,
00:51:08.419 --> 00:51:11.456
AND SHE'D BEEN THERE I THINKMORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE HE
00:51:11.523 --> 00:51:14.125
FINALLY AGREED TO IT.
00:51:14.192 --> 00:51:16.027
AND SUNDAY AFTERNOONS, THEYHAD CONVERSATIONS WITH
00:51:16.094 --> 00:51:18.863
PEOPLE FROM THE VILLAGE INTHE CITY OF AVILA WOULD COME
00:51:18.930 --> 00:51:21.799
IN, AND THERESA WAS A GREATFAVORITE BECAUSE SHE WAS
00:51:21.866 --> 00:51:24.102
SUCH A WITTY PERSON.
00:51:24.169 --> 00:51:26.104
SO THAT WAS HER LIFE IN THECONVENT, UNTIL SHE HAD A
00:51:26.171 --> 00:51:32.110
SERIOUS ILLNESS, WEDON'T KNOW WHAT IT WAS.
00:51:32.177 --> 00:51:35.847
BUT SHE WENT TO AN UNCLE'SOUT IN THE COUNTRY TO
00:51:35.914 --> 00:51:40.885
RECOVER, AND WHILE THERE,SHE STARTED READING VERY
00:51:40.952 --> 00:51:44.756
PIOUS BOOKS ON PRAYER.
00:51:44.822 --> 00:51:48.526
AND SHE REALLY DECIDED THATHER LIFE AS IT HAD BEEN IN
00:51:48.593 --> 00:51:53.665
THE CONVENT WAS NOT WHAT THELIFE OF A NUN SHOULD BE.
00:51:53.731 --> 00:51:57.302
AND SHE WENT BACK TO THECONVENT REALLY WITH THE
00:51:57.368 --> 00:52:02.473
SENSE THAT SHE HADBEEN CONVERTED AGAIN.
00:52:02.540 --> 00:52:05.376
AND THEN IN 1559, THEINQUISITION FOR THE FIRST
00:52:05.443 --> 00:52:11.649
TIME TURNED ITS GUNSON THE PROTESTANTS.
00:52:11.716 --> 00:52:14.219
IT HAD BEEN MAINLYCRYPTOJEWS, AND
00:52:14.285 --> 00:52:18.122
NOW IT WAS PROTESTANTS.
00:52:18.189 --> 00:52:20.792
1559, IT FORBID ANYRELIGIOUS WRITING IN SPANISH.
00:52:20.858 --> 00:52:29.267
IT ALL HAD TO BE IN LATINBECAUSE ONLY EXPERTS THEN
00:52:29.334 --> 00:52:31.736
COULD DEAL WITH IT.
00:52:31.803 --> 00:52:33.538
SO ALL OF HER BOOKS WERETAKEN FROM HER, AND SHE WAS
00:52:33.605 --> 00:52:37.375
REALLY IN DESPAIR.
00:52:37.442 --> 00:52:39.210
HER BOOKS WERE GONE, AND SHEWAS WALKING UP A STAIRCASE
00:52:39.277 --> 00:52:44.482
IN THE CONVENT WHEN SHEHAD THIS VISION OF JESUS.
00:52:44.549 --> 00:52:52.156
NOW, WHAT SHE MEANS BY AVISION IS THAT SHE KNOWS
00:52:52.223 --> 00:52:56.160
THAT NO ONE ELSESAW IT OR HEARD IT.
00:52:56.227 --> 00:52:58.429
IT WAS INTERNAL TO HER, BUTSHE SAW IT ON THE STAIRS,
00:52:58.496 --> 00:53:02.367
THERE WAS JESUS, AND HESAID, DO NOT BE AFRAID.
00:53:02.433 --> 00:53:07.872
I WILL BE TO YOUA LIVING BOOK.
00:53:07.939 --> 00:53:12.477
THE CHURCH WAS TAKING HERBOOKS AWAY, AND NOW SHE WAS
00:53:12.543 --> 00:53:15.013
GOING TO HAVE VISIONS.
00:53:15.079 --> 00:53:17.015
I MEAN, IT WAS REALLY ANINTERESTING WAY OF PUTTING IT.
00:53:17.081 --> 00:53:20.685
IT WAS THE LOSS OF HERBOOKS, AND JESUS SAYS,
00:53:20.752 --> 00:53:24.222
I WILL BE TO YOUA LIVING BOOK.
00:53:24.289 --> 00:53:25.957
DO NOT WORRY.
00:53:26.024 --> 00:53:27.592
SHE WRITES A BOOK, ONE OF MYFAVORITES IS THE INTERIOR
00:53:27.659 --> 00:53:33.197
CASTLE, WHERE SHE GOESTHROUGH THE STAGES OF THE
00:53:33.264 --> 00:53:37.402
PIOUS LIFE, RELIGIOUS LIFE.
00:53:37.468 --> 00:53:39.871
AND SHE SAYS THAT THE FIRSTTHING IS JUST EVEN TO GO IN
00:53:39.937 --> 00:53:45.243
THE DOOR OF THE CASTLE,WHICH IS REALLY THE SELF.
00:53:45.310 --> 00:53:48.713
- NOW LET US RETURN TOOUR BEAUTIFUL AND CHARMING
00:53:48.780 --> 00:53:52.984
CASTLE AND DISCOVERHOW TO ENTER IT.
00:53:53.051 --> 00:53:55.386
THIS APPEARS INCONGRUOUS.
00:53:55.453 --> 00:53:57.622
IF THIS CASTLE IS THE SOUL,CLEARLY NO ONE CAN HAVE TO
00:53:57.689 --> 00:54:01.092
ENTER IT FOR IT ISTHE PERSON HIMSELF.
00:54:01.159 --> 00:54:04.295
ONE MIGHT AS WELL DARESOMEONE TO GO INTO A
00:54:04.362 --> 00:54:06.497
ROOM, HE'S ALREADY IN.
00:54:06.564 --> 00:54:09.100
THERE ARE, HOWEVER, VERYDIFFERENT WAYS OF BEING
00:54:09.167 --> 00:54:12.103
IN THIS CASTLE.
00:54:12.170 --> 00:54:13.771
MANY SOULS LIVE IN THECOURTYARD OF THE BUILDING
00:54:13.838 --> 00:54:17.141
WHERE THE SENTINELS STANDNEITHER CARING TO ENTER
00:54:17.208 --> 00:54:20.178
FARTHER, NOT TO KNOWWHO DWELLS IN THAT MOST
00:54:20.244 --> 00:54:23.648
DELIGHTFUL PLACE, WHAT ISIN IT, AND WHAT
00:54:23.715 --> 00:54:26.984
ROOMS IT CONTAINS.
00:54:27.051 --> 00:54:32.623
- TERESA, AFTER 1559, DIDNOT HAVE ACCESS TO PIOUS
00:54:34.759 --> 00:54:40.565
BOOKS IN SPANISH ORTHEOLOGICAL BOOKS.
00:54:40.631 --> 00:54:44.369
I DON'T KNOW THAT SHE RELIEDON BOOKS, BUT SHE HAD SOME
00:54:44.435 --> 00:54:48.539
OF THE BEST THEOLOGIANS FROMTHE UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA
00:54:48.606 --> 00:54:50.808
AS HER CONFESSORS.
00:54:50.875 --> 00:54:52.710
SHE WENT THROUGH CONFESSORS.
00:54:52.777 --> 00:54:54.746
SHE HAD MORE THAN90 CONFESSORS IN HER
00:54:54.812 --> 00:54:57.648
LIFETIME, AND SOME OF THEM,SHE SAID, THEY ARE SUCH
00:54:57.715 --> 00:54:59.951
SCARED MEN, THAT THEY'REAFRAID THAT IF I SAY
00:55:00.017 --> 00:55:02.387
ANYTHING THAT'S OUT OFORDER, THEY'RE GOING
00:55:02.453 --> 00:55:04.155
TO RUN TO THE BISHOP.
00:55:04.222 --> 00:55:06.224
AND THEN SHE FINALLY FOUNDJOHN OF THE CROSS WHO SAID,
00:55:06.290 --> 00:55:10.561
I LEARNED EVERYTHINGABOUT PRAYER FROM TERESA.
00:55:10.628 --> 00:55:14.232
SAINT TERESA OF AVILA WASTHE FIRST WOMAN TO BE NAMED
00:55:14.298 --> 00:55:17.802
BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ASA DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH.
00:55:17.869 --> 00:55:20.405
- NOW WE RETURN TO THESPANISH THRONE WHERE
00:55:20.471 --> 00:55:23.007
ISABELLA STANDS READY TOCHANGE THE COURSE OF HUMAN
00:55:23.074 --> 00:55:25.576
HISTORY WITH AVENTURE OF HER OWN.
00:55:25.643 --> 00:55:28.813
FOR SEVEN YEARS, THE ITALIANEXPLORER CHRISTOFARO COLOMBO
00:55:28.880 --> 00:55:33.885
CAMPAIGNED FOR A VOYAGEBOUND WESTWARD
00:55:33.951 --> 00:55:36.287
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC.
00:55:36.354 --> 00:55:38.256
AND FOR SEVEN YEARS, HISPROPOSAL WAS REJECTED, THAT
00:55:38.322 --> 00:55:41.526
IS UNTIL HE CAUGHT THEEAR OF QUEEN ISABELLA.
00:55:41.592 --> 00:55:44.595
- COLUMBUS WAS AN AMBITIOUSMAN WHO WANTED TO ESTABLISH
00:55:44.662 --> 00:55:49.400
A REPUTATION, ANDHE WANTED WEALTH.
00:55:49.467 --> 00:55:52.937
HE WANTED TO FIND A DYNASTY.
00:55:53.004 --> 00:55:54.839
PART OF THE PACKAGE WASCHRISTIANITY, AND HE HAD A
00:55:54.906 --> 00:55:58.109
STRONG SENSE OF DESTINY ANDTHAT WHAT HE WAS DOING WAS
00:55:58.176 --> 00:56:01.412
SPREADING THE GOSPEL.
00:56:01.479 --> 00:56:03.548
THIS WAS HANDY AS A WAYOF SELLING THE IDEA TO AN
00:56:03.614 --> 00:56:07.418
EXTREMELY DEVOUT PAIR OFMONARCHS, THE MONARCHS OF
00:56:07.485 --> 00:56:11.122
ARAGON AND CASTILLE,FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.
00:56:11.189 --> 00:56:14.292
- ISABELLA WAS EAGER TOEXPAND HER EMPIRE AND AGREED
00:56:14.358 --> 00:56:17.595
TO SPONSOR HIS EXPEDITION.
00:56:17.662 --> 00:56:20.198
SHE ORDERED THE CITY OFPALOS TO GIVE HIM THREE
00:56:20.264 --> 00:56:23.634
SHIPS, THE NINA, THE PINTA,AND LATER ADDED
00:56:23.701 --> 00:56:26.604
THE SANTA MARIA.
00:56:26.671 --> 00:56:29.006
- COLUMBUS' MISTAKE WASTHAT HE KNEW IT WAS ROUND,
00:56:29.073 --> 00:56:32.376
BUT HE DIDN'T KNOWHOW BIG IT WAS.
00:56:32.443 --> 00:56:34.979
HE THOUGHT THAT ASIA WASMUCH SMALLER THAN IT IS.
00:56:35.046 --> 00:56:39.417
HE DIDN'T KNOW THERE WAS APACIFIC OCEAN, AND SO HIS
00:56:39.484 --> 00:56:42.453
WORLD WAS ABOUT A THIRDAS BIG AS IT REALLY WAS.
00:56:42.520 --> 00:56:46.757
SO HE WAS CONVINCED WAS ALLHE HAD TO DO WAS JUST GO
00:56:46.824 --> 00:56:49.494
WEST, AND HE WOULD ARRIVE ATTHE INDIES, WHICH WAS THE
00:56:49.560 --> 00:56:52.129
FAR EAST, WHICH WAS ALREADYTHERE WAS TRADE BOTH BY LAND
00:56:52.196 --> 00:56:56.868
AROUND THE SILK ROAD ANDALSO AROUND THE SOUTH
00:56:56.934 --> 00:56:59.737
OF THE AFRICA.
00:56:59.804 --> 00:57:02.006
THE PORTUGUESE WEREGOING THAT WAY.
00:57:02.073 --> 00:57:04.408
- THE FATEFUL EVENT OF 1492OF THE SAILING OF COLUMBUS
00:57:04.475 --> 00:57:08.179
FROM PALOS WASN'TA SUDDEN DECISION.
00:57:08.246 --> 00:57:12.750
IN FACT, FOR AROUND SEVENYEARS, HE KEPT COMING TO THE
00:57:12.817 --> 00:57:16.120
COURT AND TRYING TO SHOWA WAY TO GET AROUND THE
00:57:16.187 --> 00:57:20.124
TURKISH BLOCKADES. HE HAD TO GETTHE SPICES.
00:57:20.191 --> 00:57:25.229
- MOST SPICES WERE, ANDSOME OF THEM STILL ARE,
00:57:25.296 --> 00:57:28.799
WORTH MORE THAN GOLD BYWEIGHT, AND SO IT WAS A VERY
00:57:28.866 --> 00:57:33.070
PROFITABLE COMMERCE THAT HADBEEN INTERRUPTED AND BEEN
00:57:33.137 --> 00:57:36.207
MADE VERY DIFFICULT, AND HEFELT, HEY, IF WE CAN FIND A
00:57:36.274 --> 00:57:38.776
CHEAP WAY TO GET OVER THEREAND BACK, WE CAN
00:57:38.843 --> 00:57:41.078
REALLY MAKE A KILLING.
00:57:41.145 --> 00:57:43.047
- AND AFTER FIVE WEEKS ANDA REBELLION AND MUCH TOLD
00:57:43.114 --> 00:57:45.750
STORY IN TEXTBOOKS,SUDDENLY, SOMEONE YELLS, "LAND!"
00:57:45.816 --> 00:57:51.789
AND IT WASN'T LONG BEFOREHE STEPS ASHORE IN THE NEW
00:57:51.856 --> 00:57:57.161
WORLD, AND HE NAMES THEFIRST CITY "HOLY CITY"
00:57:57.228 --> 00:58:02.600
OR SAN SALVADOR.
00:58:02.667 --> 00:58:04.602
AND THEN, FITTINGLY, THENEXT TWO FERDINAND
00:58:04.669 --> 00:58:08.906
AND ISABELLA.
00:58:08.973 --> 00:58:10.741
- WHAT COULD BE MORESURPRISING THAN FINDING A
00:58:10.808 --> 00:58:13.411
NEW CONTINENT NOT DESCRIBEDIN THE BIBLE IN ANY EXPLICIT
00:58:13.477 --> 00:58:17.648
WAY, AND FINDING PEOPLES WHOSIMPLY HAD NO CONTACT WITH
00:58:17.715 --> 00:58:21.752
THE WORLD THEY KNEW AT ALL?
00:58:21.819 --> 00:58:23.754
THIS MUST BE A SYMBOL OF ANEW GRACE FROM GOD, A SET OF
00:58:23.821 --> 00:58:29.060
PEOPLE WHO COULD BEBROUGHT TO FAITH.
00:58:29.126 --> 00:58:32.129
- AS COLUMBUS SET SAIL, HECARRIED THE CHURCH WITH HIM.
00:58:32.196 --> 00:58:36.500
NO ONE COULD HAVE PREDICTEDWHAT WOULD COME NEXT.
00:58:36.567 --> 00:58:39.737
WOULD CHRISTIANITY CONTINUETO THRIVE, OR WOULD IT RUN
00:58:39.804 --> 00:58:43.107
AGROUND ON THE SHORESOF THE NEW WORLD?
00:58:43.174 --> 00:58:45.943
[MUSIC]
00:58:46.010 --> 00:59:13.804

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Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

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Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

Part 2: Heroines and Heroes of Faith

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