Acts to Revelation | Episode 17
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Acts to Revelation | Episode 17
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- Dave Stotts: At the end of our last episode, we were introduced
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- to the seven churches of Revelation.
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- Since these were actual cities in ancient Asia Minor,
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- our next mission is to visit the archeological ruins
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- related to all seven sites.
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- Dave: We're now back in Turkey where we'll begin our
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- whirlwind journey through the seven churches of Revelation.
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- Our first stop will be Ephesus which is just a few miles
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- from here and we'll trace a semicircular highway route
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- through Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira,
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- Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.
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- Since we spent an entire episode here at Ephesus
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- during Paul's journeys, we already understand
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- the size and importance of this ancient city.
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- By the time John was writing Revelation,
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- the church at Ephesus was already well established.
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- According to early church history, the first bishop
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- of Ephesus was Timothy, a student of Paul
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- we met earlier in the series.
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- Timothy died here in about 97 AD when he tried to preach
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- the gospel during the annual festival of Artemis.
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- It seems that he so angered the Artemis followers that they beat
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- him, dragged him through the streets, and killed him.
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- Here at Ephesus, Timothy, whom Paul called a dear son, became
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- another in the long line of martyrs for the Christian faith.
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- Dave: The apostle, John, spent many years here in Ephesus
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- and it was here that John wrote the Gospel of John
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- and, most likely, his three Epistles as well.
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- Now the cult of Artemis and the worship of the Roman emperor
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- thrived here in Ephesus so it's not surprising that opposition
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- to paganism and idolatry were prominent themes
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- in John's seven letters to the churches of Asia province.
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- The apostle, John, returned to Ephesus after Emperor Nerva
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- pardoned him from exile on Patmos.
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- He died here sometime after 98 AD
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- during the reign of Emperor Trajan.
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- There was some question regarding the circumstances of
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- John's death, some believing he was martyred and others
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- believing he died of natural causes.
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- According to church historians, John was buried here at Ephesus.
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- Dave: I'm about 2 miles from the main city of Ephesus,
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- on the ruins of the Basilica of Saint John.
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- In the 6th century AD, a Byzantine emperor,
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- Justinian, built this church over the ruins marking
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- the tomb of Saint John, the apostle.
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- Evidence here suggests that a church was built over
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- the ruins of the tomb in the 3rd century AD or earlier.
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- Now throughout this episode, I'm going to share portions of the
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- seven letters to the seven churches that John wrote.
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- I don't have time to cover everything but I highly
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- recommend you read these letters for yourself.
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- Many people throughout history have discovered that these
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- 2000-year-old writings have special significance
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- for their own lives in their own churches.
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- Here's a portion of the first letter: "To the angel
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- of the church in Ephesus write: I know your deeds,
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- your hard work and your perseverance.
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- I know that you cannot tolerate wicked people,
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- that you have tested those who claim to be apostles
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- but are not, and have found them false.
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- You have persevered and have endured hardships for my name,
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- and have not grown weary.
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- Yet I hold this against you: You have forsaken the love
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- you had at first.
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- Consider how far you have fallen!
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- Repent and do the things you did at first,"
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- Revelation 2:1 through 5.
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- Dave: In this first letter, the church at Ephesus was
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- praised for their perseverance, opposition to evil, and
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- their rejection of false apostles and pagan practices.
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- But they were also criticized for leaving their first love and
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- warned to return to the love they had as early Christians.
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- Dave: Next stop on our list: Smyrna.
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- Dave: Smyrna, an ancient city now surrounded
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- by the modern Turkish city of Izmir, was originally
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- established around 1000 BC.
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- Greek settlers established old Smyrna on this small
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- peninsula jutting out into the Aegean Sea.
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- Now it was in old Smyrna that the famous Greek poet Homer,
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- author of "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey,"
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- was born around 850 BC.
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- History tells us that a shrine to Homer stood in the city
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- during the Roman period.
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- After the time of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century
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- BC, new Smyrna was built by the Seleucids along the
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- coasts and up these slopes of Mount Pagos.
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- Now this region eventually developed into Asia Province
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- during the Roman period, and Smyrna, strategically located
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- between Ephesus to the south and Pergamum to the north,
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- developed into a wealthy port city.
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- In fact, it was one of the most important cities of the entire
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- province with a population of nearly 100.000 residents.
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- During the Roman period, ancient historians said that Smyrna
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- was a city of great beauty and impressive architecture
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- that circled Mount Pagos like a crown.
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- There was a great harbor, a massive agora, and a theater
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- on the northwest mountain slope that could hold 20.000 people.
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- This wealthy city was also known for its exceptionally good wine.
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- Smyrna was severely damaged by an earthquake
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- in 178 AD but was quickly rebuilt.
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- Now the layout of the city we see here today and most of these
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- structures are pretty much the same as they were in
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- the late 1st century when John was writing.
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- Here's a portion of John's second letter in the book of
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- Revelation: "To the angel of the church in Smyrna write:
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- I know your afflictions and your poverty--yet you are rich!
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- I know about the slander of those who say they are Jews
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- and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.
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- Do not be afraid of what you are about to suffer.
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- I tell you, the devil will put some of you in prison to test
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- you, and you will suffer persecution for ten days.
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- Be faithful, even to the point of death, and I will give you
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- life as your victor's crown," Revelation 2:8 through 10.
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- In this letter, John pointed out that the Christians in Smyrna
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- had experienced major oppression.
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- They were poor but also rich, alluding to the city's
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- reputation as being pagan and also wealthy.
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- John's letter went on to mention blasphemy by the Jews here in
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- Smyrna who he called part of a "synagogue of Satan."
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- The letter went on to indicate that some of the Christians here
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- in Smyrna would be thrown into prison but John called them
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- to be faithful, even unto death.
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- This letter was written during the time of Roman persecution
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- of Christians under Emperor Domitian.
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- In fact, the church here at Smyrna was under
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- more opposition than most due to the strong influence
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- of emperor worship here in the city.
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- Now, people were compelled to offer sacrifices
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- of worship to the Roman Caesar.
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- Oh, hey, little buddy.
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- I oftentimes have this effect on animals.
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- And people.
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- Now during the time of John, emperor worship
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- was required by Roman law.
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- Failure to participate was punishable
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- by imprisonment or even death.
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- Now scholars differ as to the reference "synagogue of Satan"
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- but it probably referred to the Jews who not only opposed
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- Christianity but were participating
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- in the Roman imperial cult.
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- As for later church history, Polycarp, a famous historian
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- and student of the Apostle John, was martyred here
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- in Smyrna in about 156 AD.
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- According to tradition, Polycarp was pierced
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- with a spear and burned at the stake for refusing to burn
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- incense to the Roman emperor.
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- His final words: "I bless you, Father, for judging me worthy
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- of this hour so that in the company of the martyrs
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- I may share the cup of Christ."
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- As I leave Smyrna, I can't help but think of the many people
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- throughout history, and even today in many places, whose
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- decision to follow Christ came at a great personal cost,
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- even in many cases, the ultimate cost.
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- Reading about the lives and deaths of early Christians
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- serves as a sober reminder that the choice to follow Christ
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- even in our day sometimes comes at a very high price.
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- Our next stop is Pergamum about 50 miles north.
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- Dave: This is the ancient city of Pergamum.
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- Now the recorded history of this amazing place starts in 400 BC
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- when it was a military town for 10.000 mercenaries
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- for Cyrus the Younger.
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- Centuries later, it grew into the capital of the kingdom of
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- Pergamum before it was granted to Rome in 133 BC.
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- It then became the Roman capital of Asia Province.
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- Now by the time John wrote his seven letters, Pergamum was
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- no longer the capital but it was the second most
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- important city in Asia Minor behind Ephesus.
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- This metropolis probably had a population
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- of over 100.000 people.
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- Pergamum is known for this unusual two-tier acropolis
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- where most of the temples were located.
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- It's also home to an 80-row theater
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- with a seating capacity of 10.000.
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- It's known as the steepest theater in the ancient world
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- and if you tripped on your way out, you might just find
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- yourself in a busted-up heap at the bottom.
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- 00:11:58.170 --> 00:12:08.170
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- Dave: This place is incredible, one of the most dramatic
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- archeological sites I have ever explored.
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- 00:12:25.020 --> 00:12:34.230
- 00:12:35.090 --> 00:12:44.290
- Dave: Here's what it probably looked like at the time of John.
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- 00:12:52.250 --> 00:13:00.150
- Dave: In the 2nd century BC, King Eumenes II had the famous
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- Pergamum Altar constructed here.
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- It was one of the largest altars in the ancient world.
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- Incredibly, German archeologists in the late 19th century removed
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- the entire altar structure from its location at ancient Pergamum
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- and transported it, piece by piece, to Berlin, Germany.
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- It was rebuilt in a massive museum which was appropriately
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- named the Pergamum Museum.
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- The museum was fortified throughout the two World Wars
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- and the Pergamum Altar survived a number of aerial bombings.
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- It is said that Adolf Hitler saw great power,
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- even supernatural power, in pagan artifacts like this.
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- So with that as our set-up, here is the letter to Pergamum
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- from the book of Revelation: "To the angel of the church
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- in Pergamum write: I know where you
- 00:13:59.230 --> 00:14:02.200
- live--where Satan has his throne.
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- Yet you remain true to my name.
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- You did not renounce your faith in me, not even in the days
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- of Antipas, my faithful witness, who was put to death
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- in your city--where Satan lives.
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- Nevertheless, I have a few things against you: There are
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- some among you who hold to the teaching of Balaam,
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- who taught Balak to entice the Israelites to sin
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- so that they ate food sacrificed to idols
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- and committed sexual immorality.
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- Repent therefore!"
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- Revelation 2:12 through 16.
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- The throne of Satan and where Satan lives are phrases that
- 00:14:40.030 --> 00:14:44.030
- have been interpreted in various ways but all linked to pagan
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- worship here at Pergamum.
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- Usually, the throne of Satan is connected directly to the
- 00:14:50.160 --> 00:14:53.280
- Pergamum Altar which was shaped somewhat like a gigantic throne
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- and often associated with Zeus.
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- Now, later in the letter, the Christians at the church
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- in Pergamum were reprimanded for the teaching of Balaam,
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- the sacrificing to idols, and immorality,
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- all of which are related to paganism.
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- It seems some Christians here were participating
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- in rituals to pagan gods.
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- At the end of the letter, these Christians are called
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- to repent and turn from their evil ways.
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- Dave: Our next stop, Thyatira, is about 40 miles
- 00:15:31.040 --> 00:15:34.100
- southeast of here.
- 00:15:34.110 --> 00:15:36.260
- 00:15:37.100 --> 00:15:43.140
- Dave: The ancient city of Thyatira became part of the
- 00:15:44.070 --> 00:15:46.140
- Roman republic in 133 BC and was later considered
- 00:15:46.150 --> 00:15:51.110
- one of the major cities in Asia Province.
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- Today, most of ancient Thyatira is located beneath
- 00:15:54.190 --> 00:15:58.150
- the modern city of Akhisar.
- 00:15:58.160 --> 00:16:01.120
- 00:16:01.270 --> 00:16:08.200
- Dave: Thyatira is mentioned in both Acts and Revelation
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- as being the home town of Lydia and later one
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- of the main churches of Asia Minor.
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- Paul may have visited Thyatira and brought the gospel here
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- during his final journey through Asia Province.
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- Archeology hasn't revealed much about Thyatira
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- from New Testament times.
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- Brief excavations here have uncovered this Roman road
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- and part of a public building.
- 00:16:36.270 --> 00:16:39.130
- Investigations at the site have also revealed several
- 00:16:39.140 --> 00:16:41.290
- inscriptions and coins.
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- Apparently, many people here worshiped the Greek gods
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- of Zeus, Artemis, and Apollo.
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- Inscriptions found here also indicate that Thyatira
- 00:16:51.010 --> 00:16:54.120
- was known for many trade deals including leather,
- 00:16:54.130 --> 00:16:57.280
- bronze, pottery, wool, linen, and dyes.
- 00:16:57.290 --> 00:17:02.150
- 00:17:02.290 --> 00:17:07.040
- Dave: First century Thyatira was primarily a pagan city,
- 00:17:07.050 --> 00:17:10.170
- like so many others in the Roman empire.
- 00:17:10.180 --> 00:17:12.290
- But the letter to the church here does contain a specific
- 00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:15.130
- warning about a false self-proclaimed prophetess
- 00:17:15.140 --> 00:17:19.120
- that John calls Jezebel.
- 00:17:19.130 --> 00:17:22.120
- "To the angel of the church in Thyatira write: I know your
- 00:17:23.140 --> 00:17:27.220
- deeds, your love and faith, your service and perseverance,
- 00:17:27.230 --> 00:17:32.160
- and that you are now doing more than you did at first.
- 00:17:32.170 --> 00:17:36.030
- Nevertheless, I have this against you: You tolerate
- 00:17:36.040 --> 00:17:39.070
- that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophet.
- 00:17:39.080 --> 00:17:43.120
- By her teaching she misleads my servants into sexual immorality
- 00:17:43.130 --> 00:17:48.040
- and the eating of food sacrificed to idols.
- 00:17:48.050 --> 00:17:51.170
- I have given her time to repent of her immorality,
- 00:17:51.180 --> 00:17:55.010
- but she is unwilling," Revelation 2:18 through 25.
- 00:17:55.020 --> 00:18:01.020
- It's likely that Jezebel was an allusion to the evil Phoenician
- 00:18:03.160 --> 00:18:07.250
- queen of ancient Israel who was associated with harlotry
- 00:18:07.260 --> 00:18:12.040
- and witchcraft and served as a warning against the pagan
- 00:18:12.050 --> 00:18:16.050
- practices that this prophetess was trying to teach
- 00:18:16.060 --> 00:18:19.050
- some of the members of the church here.
- 00:18:19.060 --> 00:18:21.100
- 00:18:21.110 --> 00:18:26.110
- Dave: So that was Thyatira.
- 00:18:26.120 --> 00:18:28.030
- Next stop is Sardis, about 30 miles southeast of here.
- 00:18:28.040 --> 00:18:32.010
- 00:18:32.020 --> 00:18:41.180
- 00:18:42.080 --> 00:18:51.260
- Dave: Located on a major highway connecting the
- 00:18:52.150 --> 00:18:55.000
- Aegean coast to the East,
- 00:18:55.010 --> 00:18:57.100
- Sardis was a stronghold city in ancient times.
- 00:18:57.110 --> 00:19:01.040
- The citadel of Sardis was known for its military strength and
- 00:19:01.050 --> 00:19:05.290
- described by some ancient historians as being, quote,
- 00:19:06.000 --> 00:19:09.020
- "The strongest place on earth."
- 00:19:09.030 --> 00:19:11.230
- Now, Sardis became the capital of the Lydian empire
- 00:19:11.240 --> 00:19:15.060
- in the 7th century BC.
- 00:19:15.070 --> 00:19:17.240
- The wealth of the city came from the fertile farmland outside the
- 00:19:17.250 --> 00:19:21.200
- city, the Pactolus River which contained gold dust
- 00:19:21.210 --> 00:19:25.100
- and, more specifically, an alloy called electrum.
- 00:19:25.110 --> 00:19:29.070
- Now, the Lydian empire is said to have invented coinage
- 00:19:29.080 --> 00:19:33.080
- and the Lydian stater is famous for having been
- 00:19:33.090 --> 00:19:36.180
- the earliest type of coin ever minted.
- 00:19:36.190 --> 00:19:40.240
- Dave: During the Roman period, one of the things Sardis was
- 00:19:40.250 --> 00:19:43.150
- known for was this incredible gymnasium and bath complex.
- 00:19:43.160 --> 00:19:48.030
- Yeah, I was here about 15 or so years ago
- 00:19:48.040 --> 00:19:50.290
- when I rocked the push-ups.
- 00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:53.220
- I wonder if anybody here remembers me.
- 00:19:53.230 --> 00:19:55.210
- Dave: Seventy-one, seventy-two, feel the burn.
- 00:19:55.220 --> 00:19:58.220
- Hey, hey, hey!
- 00:19:58.230 --> 00:20:00.020
- Keep that camera up here please, thanks.
- 00:20:00.030 --> 00:20:01.230
- Seventy-three, seventy-four, seventy-five.
- 00:20:01.240 --> 00:20:05.220
- Dave: Yeah, it's probably better that they didn't.
- 00:20:05.230 --> 00:20:08.060
- Dave: During the 1st century, Sardis also had a theater
- 00:20:08.070 --> 00:20:11.050
- that fit about 20.000 people, a stadium for about 12.000,
- 00:20:11.060 --> 00:20:15.280
- an aqueduct, and temples to Roman emperors
- 00:20:15.290 --> 00:20:19.140
- such as Augustus and Tiberius.
- 00:20:19.150 --> 00:20:22.110
- However, as impressive as this ancient city was, John had some
- 00:20:22.120 --> 00:20:26.230
- stern warnings for the Christians who lived here:
- 00:20:26.240 --> 00:20:30.220
- "To the angel of the church in Sardis write: I know your deeds;
- 00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:36.130
- you have a reputation of being alive, but you are dead.
- 00:20:36.140 --> 00:20:40.250
- Wake up!
- 00:20:40.260 --> 00:20:42.110
- Strengthen what remains and is about to die, for I have
- 00:20:42.120 --> 00:20:45.020
- found your deeds unfinished in the sight of my God.
- 00:20:45.030 --> 00:20:49.070
- Remember, therefore, what you have received and heard;
- 00:20:49.080 --> 00:20:52.210
- hold it fast, and repent.
- 00:20:52.220 --> 00:20:55.160
- But if you do not wake up, I will come like a thief,
- 00:20:55.170 --> 00:20:59.080
- and you will not know at what time I will come to you,"
- 00:20:59.090 --> 00:21:03.070
- Revelation 3:1 through 3.
- 00:21:03.080 --> 00:21:06.010
- In this letter, the Christians have a reputation for being
- 00:21:08.060 --> 00:21:10.270
- alive yet dead and were then commanded to wake up
- 00:21:10.280 --> 00:21:15.130
- and strengthen the things that remain.
- 00:21:15.140 --> 00:21:18.190
- Some scholars have suggested that this language
- 00:21:18.200 --> 00:21:20.260
- pointed to the destructive earthquake of 17 AD
- 00:21:20.270 --> 00:21:24.270
- which totally destroyed the city.
- 00:21:24.280 --> 00:21:27.240
- Sardis's name and reputation survived
- 00:21:27.250 --> 00:21:30.230
- but the city was destroyed.
- 00:21:30.240 --> 00:21:32.250
- Furthermore, the earthquake happened in the middle of the
- 00:21:32.260 --> 00:21:34.210
- night when the people were asleep and the residents
- 00:21:34.220 --> 00:21:36.210
- apparently had not paid attention to the tremors
- 00:21:36.220 --> 00:21:39.250
- leading up to this massive earthquake.
- 00:21:39.260 --> 00:21:43.010
- Dave: Our next stop on this whirlwind road trip through the
- 00:21:47.230 --> 00:21:50.210
- churches of Revelation is the ancient site of Philadelphia.
- 00:21:50.220 --> 00:21:55.090
- 00:21:55.100 --> 00:22:00.250
- Dave: Philadelphia, meaning brotherly love, was the sixth
- 00:22:04.080 --> 00:22:07.150
- city addressed in the letters of Revelation.
- 00:22:07.160 --> 00:22:10.120
- It's also the city we know least about because we haven't found
- 00:22:10.130 --> 00:22:13.160
- many archeological ruins here.
- 00:22:13.170 --> 00:22:16.050
- Today, ancient Philadelphia is buried underneath
- 00:22:16.060 --> 00:22:19.050
- this modern city of Alasehir.
- 00:22:19.060 --> 00:22:22.270
- An inscription discovered here suggests that Philadelphia was
- 00:22:22.280 --> 00:22:26.020
- founded back as early as the 2nd century BC under
- 00:22:26.030 --> 00:22:30.010
- the reign of King Eumenes II of Pergamum.
- 00:22:30.020 --> 00:22:33.140
- He named Philadelphia after his younger brother, Attalus II,
- 00:22:33.150 --> 00:22:38.120
- whose nickname was Philadelphus in honor
- 00:22:38.130 --> 00:22:41.220
- and loyalty to his older brother, the king.
- 00:22:41.230 --> 00:22:45.160
- During the 1st century, Philadelphia was situated on the
- 00:22:45.170 --> 00:22:48.270
- imperial military route west to Rome, meaning the city would see
- 00:22:48.280 --> 00:22:53.090
- regular visits from soldiers, travelers, and merchants.
- 00:22:53.100 --> 00:22:57.200
- The soil around Philadelphia was renowned, leading
- 00:22:57.210 --> 00:23:01.030
- to the production of exceptional grapes and wine.
- 00:23:01.040 --> 00:23:04.070
- However, in 92 AD Emperor Domitian issued an edict for
- 00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:09.140
- Asia Province which required many vineyards to be cut down
- 00:23:09.150 --> 00:23:13.030
- and replaced with corn.
- 00:23:13.040 --> 00:23:15.100
- This action damaged the reputation
- 00:23:15.110 --> 00:23:17.210
- and economy of Philadelphia.
- 00:23:17.220 --> 00:23:21.110
- Dave: Very little is known about the buildings and the lay-outs
- 00:23:21.120 --> 00:23:24.180
- of the Philadelphia of the Roman period.
- 00:23:24.190 --> 00:23:27.140
- As you can see, some remains of a theater have been discovered
- 00:23:27.150 --> 00:23:31.020
- and coins indicate that at the end of the 2nd century
- 00:23:31.030 --> 00:23:34.140
- an imperial temple was erected here.
- 00:23:34.150 --> 00:23:37.160
- Otherwise, we just don't know much yet about
- 00:23:37.170 --> 00:23:39.250
- the Philadelphia of John's time.
- 00:23:39.260 --> 00:23:42.060
- However, we do know this: the church here
- 00:23:42.070 --> 00:23:44.250
- at Philadelphia was solid.
- 00:23:44.260 --> 00:23:47.130
- It's the only church of the seven that wasn't criticized for
- 00:23:47.140 --> 00:23:50.200
- anything: "To the angel of the church in Philadelphia write:
- 00:23:50.210 --> 00:23:57.150
- I know your deeds.
- 00:23:57.160 --> 00:23:59.190
- See, I have placed before you an open door that no one can shut.
- 00:23:59.200 --> 00:24:04.130
- I know that you have little strength, yet you have kept
- 00:24:04.140 --> 00:24:07.120
- my word and have not denied my name.
- 00:24:07.130 --> 00:24:10.180
- Since you have kept my command to endure patiently, I will also
- 00:24:10.190 --> 00:24:14.230
- keep you from the hour of trial that is going to come
- 00:24:14.240 --> 00:24:18.060
- on the whole world to test the inhabitants of the earth.
- 00:24:18.070 --> 00:24:22.050
- I am coming soon.
- 00:24:22.060 --> 00:24:24.250
- Hold on to what you have, so that no one
- 00:24:24.260 --> 00:24:27.190
- will take your crown," Revelation 3:7 through 11.
- 00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:32.110
- 00:24:33.060 --> 00:24:36.020
- Dave: And with that, we're off to our final destination on
- 00:24:36.270 --> 00:24:39.270
- our tour of the seven churches of Revelation: Laodicea.
- 00:24:39.280 --> 00:24:44.180
- 00:24:44.190 --> 00:24:54.140
- 00:24:54.220 --> 00:25:02.010
- Dave: I'm here at the final church from
- 00:25:02.230 --> 00:25:04.280
- the Revelation account: Laodicea.
- 00:25:04.290 --> 00:25:07.230
- What an incredible place.
- 00:25:07.240 --> 00:25:10.120
- Much of Laodicea has only been excavated and reconstructed
- 00:25:10.130 --> 00:25:14.090
- in the last decade or so.
- 00:25:14.100 --> 00:25:16.120
- Dave: "To the angel of the church in Laodicea write:
- 00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:22.160
- I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot.
- 00:25:22.170 --> 00:25:26.160
- I wish you were either one or the other!
- 00:25:26.170 --> 00:25:29.270
- So, because you are lukewarm--neither hot nor
- 00:25:29.280 --> 00:25:32.210
- cold--I am about to spit you out of my mouth.
- 00:25:32.220 --> 00:25:36.150
- You say, 'I am rich; I have acquired wealth
- 00:25:36.160 --> 00:25:39.170
- and do not need a thing.'
- 00:25:39.180 --> 00:25:41.180
- But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful,
- 00:25:41.190 --> 00:25:45.170
- poor, blind and naked.
- 00:25:45.180 --> 00:25:48.220
- Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline.
- 00:25:48.230 --> 00:25:52.270
- So be earnest and repent. Here I am!
- 00:25:52.280 --> 00:25:56.220
- I stand at the door and knock.
- 00:25:56.230 --> 00:25:59.270
- If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in
- 00:25:59.280 --> 00:26:04.150
- and eat with that person, and they with me,"
- 00:26:04.160 --> 00:26:08.090
- Revelation 3:14 through 20.
- 00:26:08.100 --> 00:26:11.240
- Laodicea has a tremendous story to tell.
- 00:26:13.280 --> 00:26:17.080
- It's a story that'll help us connect the dots
- 00:26:17.090 --> 00:26:19.200
- of Christian history from the 1st century to today.
- 00:26:19.210 --> 00:26:23.160
- We'll explore that story in our next episode.
- 00:26:23.170 --> 00:26:26.220
- 00:26:27.110 --> 00:26:31.030
- 00:26:32.010 --> 00:26:41.240
- 00:26:42.050 --> 00:26:51.240
- 00:26:52.030 --> 00:27:02.020
- 00:27:02.110 --> 00:27:12.050
- CC by Aberdeen Captioning 1-800-688-6621 abercap.com
- 00:27:26.280 --> 00:27:29.260